Menu
About TACK TACK Book How to Use What is Tacit Knowledge?
1781
TACK
April 21, 2023
Share Album
Album Contents
One and Many Details: Considering the Contingencies of Building as Empirical Evidence for Architectural Pedagogy
Interview with Kristina Schinegger and Stefan Rutzinger
Labor, Prescription and Alienation in Architecture: Critical Notes On The Architect’s Practice
The Tacit Dimension: Architecture Knowledge and Scientific Research

Return to archive

title

One and Many Details: Considering the Contingencies of Building as Empirical Evidence for Architectural Pedagogy

authors

Eric Crevels Jorge Mejía Hernández

The architect’s problem is not how to found his knowledge positively but how to make his knowledge grow. 1 Anderson, Stanford. ‘Introduction,’ in Planning for Diversity and Choice: Possible Futures and Their Relation to the Man Controlled Environment, 5. Cambridge (Mass.): MIT, 1968
– Stanford Anderson

The study of built objects has always played a key role in the education of the architect. At the earliest stages of training most of us sat in front of  buildings and drew them, trying to capture their overall features and minute details. What appears simple is, in fact, an extremely meaningful exercise. It presumes that drawing an existing object allows us to understand what decisions were made in its conception, granted that evidence of those decisions is actually there, congealed as empirical evidence and available for further use. 2 This argument is further developed in Mejía Hernández, Jorge. “Writing, Filming, Building: Using a Taxonomy of Moviegoers to Appraise Spatial Imagination in Architecture.” Writingplace Journal # 4 (2020), in preparation

As students advance in their studies, this close attention to objects and the decisions that define them gives way to more complex reflections. Final year students seldom sit in front of buildings and draw them. Their fascination with societal issues and formal innovation seems to leave little room to ponder on the apparently simple ways in which materials come together. Likewise, interest in the built as a source of knowledge appears to wane among faculty who inclined towards fashionable forms of scholarship outsource technological research and education to engineers and other pragmatists. 3 As an example of this, in our Faculty there are separate departments of Architecture and Architectural Engineering and Technology (AE&T). Mentor teams for each graduation project include tutors from each of these departments, but AE&T teachers offer separate tutorials, have a much smaller dedication than their colleagues from Architecture, arrive halfway through the year-long graduation process, and are requested to assign a separate grade for the Building Technology component of each project.

While architectural education’s turn towards the humanities offers new and exciting possibilities, the relegation of the built to a mere problem-solving role is not without its consequences. Among them, perhaps the most unfortunate outcome of assuming construction as applied, externally produced knowledge, is that it robs us of rare and precious insight that is ingrained in the built.

Looking for that insight, we will describe how a design studio can use construction as a means for students to produce and develop their own architectural knowledge. Our description will be favored by an outline of the supporting theory, the epistemology we used to operate it, and the methodology employed to teach the course.
Throughout a ten-week period, we accompanied a group of sixteen master’s students in their process of exploration, evaluation and discovery of four details from existing buildings. Our goal, and the challenge we presented to the group, was to obtain from these details a theory and a new design. 4 A similar assignment (albeit without the theoretical ambition) has been developed by Federico Soriano, from the ETSAM, in his Unusual Atlas of Construction Details, Unit 19 Assignment, 2013 – 2014, https://issuu.com/uddfedericosoriano/docs/e_02_details, accessed 22 July 2020

Architecture as a cognitive, collective practice

Our proposal to research the built from the design studio is based on our understanding of architecture as a cognitive, collective practice. 5 This understanding has been developed in Mejía Hernández, Jorge. Transactions; or Architecture as a System of Research Programs. PhD dissertation, Delft: TU Delft, 2018; and has been tested in the Lecture Series Research Methods, offered to all MSc3 students of the TU Delft Department of Architecture between 2015 and 2020. Indivisible from our research and production as architects, the education we offer focuses on the ways in which the instruments and methods of architecture determine the growth and development of our knowledge of the built environment. 6 Our research is conducted within the section Methods and Matter and the research groups Situated Architecture and Architecture Culture and Modernity; while the courses described here are offered by the chair of Methods of Analysis and Imagination (previously Methods and Analysis), all part of the Department of Architecture, Faculty of Architecture and the Built Environment at TU Delft. This focus is evident in the three design studios we run at the masters’ level of education, and in the sequence they follow.

The first of these studios invites students to explore a diversity of instruments and methods of architecture (e.g. mapping, narrative texts, scale models), and to evaluate their use to develop an urban intervention. A second studio evaluates these and other instruments and methods by confronting them with those of other disciplines; 7 Previous versions of this studio have encouraged students to confront the instruments and methods of architecture with those utilized by filmmakers, choreographers, anthropologists and literary writers, among others. while the final, diploma studio encourages each student to adopt a position in relation to context, theories and épistémès, and disciplinary precedents, via the selection and use of a discrete set of instruments and methods. 8 For a full description of our studios: https://www.tudelft.nl/onderwijs/opleidingen/masters/aubs/msc-architecture-urbanism-and-building-sciences/master-tracks/architecture/programme/studios/methods-and-analysis/ . Our adherence to a falsificationist demarcation of science implies a revision of the classic definition of an épistémè as true knowledge, opposed to doxa, or opinion. Rather than as truth, we prefer to assume an épistémè as an organized system of ideas for the production and development of knowledge.

In all cases, these instruments and methods operate within four fields of exploration, evaluation and discovery of the built environment, or heuristics, namely: (a) form, or buildings’ geometries, configurations, etc., (b) use or purpose, dealing with the intentions that generate buildings, and their performance in relation to human activities, (c) communication, related with how buildings are re-presented and their conveyed meaning, and (d) technique, understood as the resources, processes and procedures required to materialize them. 9 For a description of these heuristics and their role: Mejía Hernández. Transactions, 80 – 96

It is customary for graduation projects from our studios to focus on the relations between architectural form and its social and political consequences (i.e. its use or purpose). A typical graduation presentation develops an analysis of the natural and cultural conditions that characterize the intervention’s context, and positions itself in relation to a series of concepts that envision a possible future for that context. On these grounds, a purpose for a project is justified, and a particular use is envisioned. Furthermore, existing architectures are recognized as the source of project strategies. The analysis of these precedents, together with the synthesis required to appropriate their strategies, is mostly morpho-typological (i.e., formal).

The depth with which students examine use and form is not commensurate with their study of communication and technique. Students work hard and produce amazing drawings and models, but these are seldom taken as investigations in their own right. Rather, a homogeneous communication strategy can be recognized in most projects, often emulating drawings from well-known architecture offices. 10 Current favorites among students are the oneiric and colorful small-frame perspectives of Office KGDVS, the stern and empty interiors of DOGMA, or the playful and busy inhabited drawings of Atelier Bow Wow, for example. Underlying stylistic differences is a small repertoire of basic instruments and methods of representation: floor plans, cross-sections, perspectives, drawn with CAD programs and enhanced as collages.

A similar attitude characterizes technical and technological approaches to design. On the one hand, decisions regarding building’s different technical systems and the materials required to build and operate them are explained with remarkable simplicity. For instance, after defining a load-bearing solution and distributing a project’s service networks, a common presentation includes one or two slides in which a “palette” of materials (e.g. terra-cotta, wood, weathering steel) is advanced as a technical decision. While these materials are picked for aesthetic reasons, their use is justified in relation to efficiency and context; mimicking local buildings’ appearance, or ascribing particular traits to a material (e.g., wood is warm, steel is light, etc.) are assumed as sufficient explanation for complex technical decisions.

Once general decisions have been made, students dive into what they dub the ‘technical part’ of their work, where they develop a few aspects of their projects with a higher degree of precision. Common examples of the technical part are system drawings, in which climate control or environmental performance are explained, or large scale cross-sections of special or typical joints. As with communication, building technology is seldom seen as a unique form of inquiry for architects.
Concerned with these shortcomings we became interested in stimulating a cognitive approach to architectural technique from our design courses, and decided to direct the spring 2020 version of our MSc2 studio Transdisciplinary Encounters towards the exploration, evaluation and discovery of the built. Not only is this the most flexible and experimental of our studios; some ground had already been treaded in this direction in a previous edition of the course, in which a small wooden edifice was constructed.

Besides, an exciting research possibility appeared, with the opening of the PhD program Communities of Tacit Knowledge, where we participate among ten partner institutions. 11 The program is supported by a Marie Słodowska-Curie action. For more information: https://tacit-knowledge-architecture.com/ , accessed 22 July 2020. From the PhD candidates who started investigating different forms of tacit knowledge in architecture, the researcher assigned to our institute is keen on material culture and craft, and arrived with a host of practical knowledge as an architect, carpenter and welder. He was invited to join the studio.

Animated by these possibilities we launched our studio in April 2020, aiming to study the instruments and methods of architecture in relation to materials and construction. This, of course, was not an original intention. Albeit absent from our curriculum, we recognized that many architects had already reflected on materials and technique as sources of knowledge in useful and powerful ways.

Organized systems of ideas for the study of material culture and craft

The studio originally contemplated a double agenda. A first part would be devoted to the study of relevant texts and the analysis of construction details (45 cm2 samples) from canonical buildings in Rotterdam to illustrate aspects of the texts. A fragment of Ad van de Steur’s complex masonry for the Bojmans van Beuningen museum, for example, could exemplify Gottfried Semper’s theory of architecture as a textile art; 12 “… there are objects that certainly belong to ceramics from the point of view of materials, inasmuch as they are formed from a soft mass that was hardened and fixed. But they should be seen as relating to ceramics only secondarily, because formally they are in a different sphere.” Semper, Gottfried. Style in the Technical and Tectonic Arts; or, Practical Aesthetics. Trans. Harry Francis Mallgrave and Michael Robinson. Los Angeles: the Getty Research Institute, 2004, 110 while a joint between that masonry and the stone plinth of the museum could clarify Edward R. Ford’s reflections on inter-scalar mediation.
Aside from four seminars, two visits were planned: one to Studio Ossidiana, where students would learn from the office’s trajectory and research of materials and craft; and another to the laboratories at our University’s Faculty of Engineering and Geosciences, where they would get acquainted with the ways in which materials’ performance is appraised. Towards the end of the studio, we planned an excursion to Chiojdu, a commune in central Romania, famous for its traditional houses.

There, our students would work with local colleagues in a two-week program. 13 This preliminary program was developed in agreement with the Ion Mincu University of Architecture and Urbanism, whose research is focused on the study and preservation of the material culture and crafts in Chiojdu, and with valuable support from the Order of Romanian Architects. Throughout this period, the group would receive basic technical instruction from experienced craftspeople and, using that knowledge, build an exhibition space for rural artefacts. Faithful to our transdisciplinary ambition, we intended to confront the instruments and methods of architecture with those of ethnography. Consequently, the final assignment of the course was envisioned as a comparative analysis of Dutch and Romanian architecture cultures, based on the analysis and the practical development of architectural details.

All our plans changed suddenly due to COVID-19 restrictions. Unable to travel or meet, we quickly adjusted the program to focus solely on the analysis of a few architectural details, understood as a repository of knowledge. Forced to shed our broader ambitions, we remained convinced of the importance of positioning the questions and insights contained in the built as indispensable to our understanding of architecture.

As planned, we read Semper’s theory, based on the notion that ‘every technical product is a result of purpose and material’, 14 Semper. Style, 107 and also Bernard Cache’s further developments on it, to make clear that it is not only possible, but indispensable to assume theories as live entities that must be constantly upgraded, or challenged. 15 Cache, Bernard “Digital Semper.” In Anymore, edited by Cynthia Davidson, 190 – 97.  Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2000, 190 – 197 Kenneth Frampton’s Studies in Tectonic Culture allowed us to reflect on the cultural consequences of construction. The idea that building conveys meaning, developed in his study of Carlo Scarpa’s work, was met with strong criticism by the group, who identified glaring contradictions in its conclusions. 16 Frampton, Kenneth. Studies in Tectonic Culture: The Poetics of Construction in Nineteenth and Twentieth Century Architecture, edited by John Cava. Cambridge, MA, and London: MIT Press, 1995, 1 – 27, 299 – 387

To provide some sense of continuity, we read two alternative approaches to the work of Scarpa. Michael Cadwell’s Strange Details presented us with a multi-layered method to communicate building decisions. 17 Cadwell, Michael. Strange Details. Cambridge, MA, and London: MIT Press, 2007, xv – xxi, 2 – 46 His tour around Scarpa’s gallery for the Venetian Querini Stampalia Foundation is registered as a series of overlapping representations, able to convey the diversity of information contained in its details. 18 “Scarpa seems to me to be not only intelligent and masterful in his architecture, but generous and gracious as well. For he cannot resist it: as we drift to the glass wall and discover that there are three exits (more than enough), Scarpa offers a final figure. The wall that appeared monolithic holds a little door. The door, its travertine grain swirling about and its sill slipping up the jambs, opens with a nudge to reveal a second little gallery. It is a gentle reminder to pay attention, especially to distractions.” Ibid., 30 Marco Frascari’s ‘Tell-the-tale Detail,’ on the other hand, invited us to ponder on the important distinction that exists between material and representational production. His claim that “the architectural detail can be defined as the union of construction, the result of the logos of techné, with construing, the result of the techné of logos” 19 Frascari, Marco. “The Tell-the-Tale Detail.” In Theorizing a New Agenda For Architecture: An Anthology of Architectural Theory, 1965 – 1995, edited by Kate Nesbitt. New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 1996, 500 was of special interest to some of our students, as we will see.

Finally, we studied Edward Ford’s efforts to define the architectural detail by describing what it does, rather than what it is. 20 Ford, Edward R. The Architectural Detail. New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 2011, 9 – 47, 286 – 313 And what it does, according to Ford, is mediating abstraction and empathy, as it negotiates human (cultural, empathic) and non-human (natural, abstract) scales.

Besides these readings and the seminar discussions which they fueled, we organized three lectures with nuanced and exciting approaches to the architectural detail. The first, by Aleksandar Staničić, focused on the relation between materials, construction and memory, through an review of the 911 memorial in NY. 21 Staničić supported his lecture with: Micieli-Voutsinas, Jacque. “An absent presence: Affective heritage at the National September 11th Memorial & Museum”, Emotion, Space and Society 24 (2017) 93 – 104 Following, Marko Jobst analyzed the role of craft in the work of five artists, whose work affects and reflects on matter and construction. 22 Namely: Julie Mehretu, Sarah Sze, Olafur Eliasson, Pierre Huyghe, and the groups Assemble and Forensic Architecture Finally, Alessandra Covini, head of Studio Ossidiana, elaborated on the nature and ambitions of her practice, which – said before – is driven by the exploration of materials and construction as a source of revelation and discovery.
Jointly, readings, seminar discussions and lectures generated an environment of curiosity and confidence in the possibility of studying the architectural detail, and the materials, processes and procedures involved in its construction, as a valuable source of architectural knowledge.

Instruments and methods for the appraisal of the built

While planning the studio, we were constantly faced with a pressing question: How can we appraise the value of the built in cognitive terms? To confront it we relied on Giancarlo Motta and Antonia Pizzigoni’s ‘project machine’, a methodology that springs from, but is not limited by the Italian neo-rationalist tradition. 23 The investigation leading to this publication, the authors note, started in Milan (strongly influenced by Grassi’s and Rossi’s neo-rationalist theory, but also by the latter’s Scientific Autobiography), and was later continued in Turin, where they both taught and researched. Among the ambitions of their methodology (aside from ‘achieving … a generalized high quality of architectural projects’) is to reconcile a series of age-old dilemmas of architecture, e.g. autonomy vs. heteronomy, or adherence to type vs. creative freedom. Motta, Giancarlo, and Antonia Pizzigoni. La Máquina de Proyecto. Edited by Rodrigo Cortés and Nancy Rozo. Bogotá: Universidad Nacional de Colombia, 2008, 13 – 15. All translations from this book are by the authors. ‘The role of the machine – the authors note – is first and foremost, to make transmissible everything concerning the project’s procedures.’ 24 Ibid., 15 Among these procedures are the structural study of form, the abstraction of cartography, the definition of program and the recognition of the many discourses that determine architecture, examined through the lenses of memory, reason and imagination. 25 Ibid., 21 – 32
While the formulation of the machine is rather complicated, and issues in a series of ‘project grids’ to classify information, we decided to use one of its simplest features, which illustrates the productive interrelation between analysis and project. Drawn within d’Agincourt’s plan of Alberti’s Tempio Malatestianio in Rimini, Motta and Pizzigoni propose a circular cognitive process, which loops between the presence of tangible objects and the absence of abstract ideas. 26 ‘Given the fact that it opens and closes with a text, the grid institutes more a circularity than a lineal trajectory with a beginning and an end’. Ibid., p. 58 Via induction, abstraction or analysis, in one direction, and deduction, concretion or synthesis, in the other, the cognitive process sketched in the loop is marked by a succession of instances in which a particular instrument or method must be utilized to unlock the knowledge required to evolve in the desired direction. 27 A full explanation of the relation between analysis and project is offered in Ibid, 176 – 180 (diagram, 178). Not mentioned by the authors, there seem to be important links between this loop and John Dewey’s theories of knowledge in practice (esp. his so-called ‘developmental spiral’), as well as with C.S. Peirce’s logical inferences (excl. abduction). (Fig. 1)

Figure 01: Diagram of Motta and Pizzigoni’s circular cognitive process

The analytical or inductive trajectory of the loop starts with the presence of an object that can be explored empirically. Analysis is favored by a text, in which the object is comprehensively and accurately described. The object is then dissected using a diversity of representations, which recognize the polytechnic nature of architecture. 28 Justifying our choice for this particular methodology, its polytechnic understanding of architecture links the ‘project machine’ to traditions that recognize proliferation as a fundamental source of scientific knowledge, e.g. Feyerabend, Paul K. “Outline of a Pluralistic Theory of Knowledge and Action.” In Planning for Diversity and Choice: Possible Futures and their Relation to the Man Controlled Environment, edited by Stanford Anderson, 275 – 84.  Cambridge, MA: MIT, 1968. From this multiplicity of techniques analysis is served by abstraction, or the attempt to focus on one, among the many aspects that define a particular built reality. This process of abstraction leads to the absence of the object initially contemplated, or its replacement by a concept, as the outcome of the analytical process.

Indivisible from the analytical trajectory, the architect engages in a synthetic process, which departs from that absence and follows the same steps, albeit in inverse order (and using a prescriptive, rather than a descriptive text), in order to materialize abstract knowledge into a new presence: an object that both embodies conceptual knowledge and tests its application in a particular context.

Over the last years, the use of this loop had important consequences in our academic work, for two important reasons. On the one hand, it dissolves the illusion of research and practice as disconnected or even opposite instances in the architect’s work, suggesting insted that, when seen as a cognitive practice, architecture depends on knowledge produced simultaneously by induction and deduction. This movement also suggests that analyzing or constructing buildings are as indispensable to learn about the built environment as reading, designing and thinking. The fact that several instruments and methods appear on both trajectories of the loop, albeit in different positions, ratifies the interdependence of these activities and their dialectic nature.

Besides the dissolution of the research/practice dichotomy, the use of the ‘project machine’ allows for the study of architecture at three levels of cognition. Its very name – a machine – suggests a methodology; a rational articulation of the instruments and methods of architecture in a particular order, with a clear program in mind. In turn, this choice implies the ascription to a discrete organized system of ideas, of which the instruments and methods are part of. As part of different épistémès, for example, a descriptive text focused on the structural configuration of the analyzed object (presence) will yield entirely different conceptual results (absence) from those obtained by another text that tries to capture the atmosphere of a place. 29 Motta and Pizzigoni ratify this interpretation, and refer to these systems of ideas as discourses. In their analysis of Milanese houses, for instance, they note the huge differences in outcome that come from analyzing the same house from normative (i.e., urban legislation), functionalist, hygienic-sanitary or aesthetic-communicative perspectives. Motta and Pizzigoni, La Máquina de Proyecto, 164

While the loop operates at the methodological and epistemological levels of cognition, its outcome is theoretical. Making sense of ideas, actions and objects simultaneously, knowledge produced in the process of abstracting and recomposing the built environment leads to an overarching definition of architecture and its telos. 30 Wartofsky, Marx W. ‘Telos and Technique: Models as Modes of Action’ in Models: Representation and the Scientific Understanding. 140 – 153. Dordrecht, Boston, and London: D. Reidel Publishing Company, 1979

Confident with our methodological choices, the need to quickly adapt to a new reality led us to reformulate the studio’s main assignment – building in Romania was no longer possible. Moving towards full online teaching we invited students to focus their study on a single detail, using the project machine loop. From a comparative analysis of details from two national building cultures, we redirected our efforts towards a theory of architecture; obtained from buildings firsthand, and able to recognize that beyond national divisions, different cultures (e.g. managerial, artistic, political, etc.) compete and collaborate for the production of the built environment. 31 The multiple transactions that are carried out between these different cultures ratifies what we’ve mentioned in notes 26 and 27 above. For the recognition of differences beyond national cultures in the production of the built environment, Zimmermann, Bénédicte. ‘Histoire-Croisée’ Footprint 26: The Architecture Competition as a Contact Zone (v. 14, n. 1, spring/summer 2020) 7 – 14

On these grounds, students were asked to select a detail, study it thoroughly following the steps described in the loop, recognize one or more épistémès as the source of instruments and methods required for their study, and eventually aim for a theory making sense of their findings.

One and many details

To capture the proliferation implied in Motta and Pizzigoni’s project machine, and more specifically, to reveal the poly-technicity it presumes in every architecture, we took a cue from Joseph Kosuth’s “One and Three Chairs” – an artwork consisting of a physical chair, a poster with a textual definition of the word chair, and a printed photograph of a chair. 32 Kosuth, Joseph. One and Three Chairs. 1965, installation. Museum of Modern Art, New York.https://www.moma.org/learn/moma_learning/joseph-kosuth-one-and-three-chairs-1965/, accessed 22 July 2020. Kosuth’s installation reveals the complexity of objects around us, as well their interrelatedness. Between three different embodiments of a chair lies their chair-ness, a theory of chair. In a similar vein, we strove to present multiple versions of the architectural detail, in order to capture its complexity and multiple interrelations. 33 Similarly, Frampton notes how technē denotes ‘the simultaneous existence of both art and craft, the Greeks failing to distinguish between the two. It also implies knowledge, in the sense of revealing what is latent within a work; that is to say it implies aletheia, or knowing in the sense of an ontological revealing. This revelatory concept returns us to Vico’s verum, ipsum, factum, to that state of affairs in which knowing and making are inextricably linked; to a condition in which techne reveals the ontological status of a thing through the disclosure of its epistemic value. In this sense one may claim that knowledge and hence beauty are dependent upon the emergence of “thingness”.’ Frampton. Studies in Tectonic Culture, 22.

Students were asked to select a point in a building where three or more materials meet. 34 Mejia Hernandez, Jorge, ‘The Way Things Touch’ http://writingplace.org/?p=332, accessed 22 July 2020 This point should occupy a volume no larger than 45 cm3 (roughly 1.5 cubic feet). 35 It must be noted that above we mention 45cm2. At an early stage in the exercise we realized the need for a three-dimensional appraisal of the detail, and even contemplated adding a fourth dimension (45 seconds). This last possibility was eventually discarded. There were no further restrictions or indications regarding the purpose, style, age or importance of the buildings where these details were to be found. Rather, students were encouraged to look for points where materials and building techniques clash and grapple with each other, on the basis of genuine curiosity. 36 Pratt, Mary Louise: “Arts of the Contact Zone,” Profession (1991), pp. 33 – 40

After a week-long survey the four groups of students presented some alternatives and, by consensus, the final four details were chosen. Using the project machine loop students analyzed each detail thoroughly, turning its presence into an absence, summarized into one or more concepts deemed essential to it. Towards the end of the quarter, those concepts were synthesized into a presence: the design of a new object that embodied the knowledge obtained from or developed through the exercise.

The first group of students selected a detail from a residential building in Van Bleyswijckstraat, Delft, where a glass window, an oil-painted wooden frame, prefabricated concrete claustra, a cast-in-place concrete slab, and a surface of conventional brick masonry meet. 37 Group 1 was formed by Tslil Srauss, Wesley Lijkendijk, Boyang Tan, and Suihao Zhen (Fig. 2) The analysis of this detail revealed a number of marks left by multiple transformations of the building: an exterior stair had been removed, new materials and modern technical features were added, leaving traces and rough or incomplete unions between materials.

Figure 2: Chosen detail in Delft. Source: provided by students

These marks were assimilated to scars, defined as ‘marks left on the skin or within body tissue where a wound, burn, or sore has not healed completely and fibrous connective tissue has developed.’ 38 Excerpt from Group 1’s, final report. Further reflection on scars led to an important realization. In contrast to the rather negative terms in which scars are commonly perceived by Western societies, different cultures engage in the deliberate production of scars for aesthetic or socially communicative purposes – a process known as scarification. This discovery allowed students to reflect on the role and perception of scars-like anomalies in architecture, and to recognize that the architectural detail can operate as a conventional, accidentally produced scar, or as deliberate scarification, able to communicate a particular meaning. This possibility was further assimilated to the Japanese tradition of Kintsugi, and the concomitant Japanese philosophy of wabi-sabi, which recognizes beauty in the accidental, flawed and imperfect, as opposed to the rationalist, perfectionist or determinist approaches which are prevalent in modern Euro-American architecture culture.

Furthermore, the fibrous nature of scar tissue was utilized as a metaphor for the multilayered nature of architectural thinking and action, in which aesthetics, context, material and technique, but also reason, authority, emotion and sensory perception collide. (Fig. 3) These principles were represented in a scale model of the detail, in which golden kintsugi-like filaments were utilized to highlight existing imperfections. (Fig. 4) As a final project, a performance was used to record the multiple transformations of built space that occur within the apparent banality of everyday life (a tabletop meal, in this case), as well as the traces or scars left by that action.

Figure 3

Fig. 4

A second group studied a detail from a backyard fence in Rotterdam, including barbed wire, a protective spiked steel blade, a metal tube, wooden boards, and a plastered wall. 39 Group 2 was formed by Theo Brakeman, Rik de Brouwer, Rasmus van Overhagen, and Dirk Hoogeveen (Fig. 5) Taking Semper’s conflation of material and purpose, the group hypothesized the purpose of this architecture as that of emphasizing otherness – a rather violent form of otherness, actually. A proliferative, polytechnic dissection of the detail was accomplished by classifying some of its key features as constructed, and others as construed, based on Frascari’s ‘Tell-the-tale detail’.

After re-assembling the multiple representations of the constructed and the construed versions of their detail into a table, in which the notion of otherness was transformed from protective or defensive to a collaborative kind of otherness, the group searched parts of the city for more details with the same characteristics. (Fig 6) The results of this second round of analysis (the group’s quest for more empirical evidence) were remarkable. Two versions of the same detail were found. One revealed the solution to the apparent need for a stark division between someone (the owners, those inside the house) and someone else (the other). Throughout the city – the students discovered – fences and hedges had been complemented with extensions, in the guise of barbed wires, extra boards, and other kinds of supplements. (Fig. 7) Interestingly, most of these details were seen in buildings of a particular age; newer buildings lacked supplements because they have absorbed them. In other words, the group discovered that after a certain point in history, what was initially an addition – their detail – was incorporated into new architecture, as higher walls or thicker fences. (Fig. 8)

A third group investigated a detail from a shop window in the Hague’s Wagenstraat (the heart of the local Chinatown) comprising a cloth awning or marquise, a glass pane, an electronic sign, a rope, and a wooden structure. 40 Group 3 was formed by Federico Ruiz Carvajal, Linda Kronmuller, Xiaoyue Shi, and Jasper van der Vaart (Fig. 9) Archival research revealed changes in the building  since 1904, revealing how certain elements were removed only to reappear later, while others remained untouched, despite changes in the use of the shop. 41 According to Group 3’s findings, the shop has been used in the following ways: 1904 – ca. 1960, grocery store, ca. 1960 – 1970, retail, 1970 –  2010, lighting business, 2010 – 2016, beauty salon, 2016 – present, acupuncture clinic.

Figure 9

Based on its current state, the group studied the detail’s different components in isolation, using a diversity of means to convey its polytechnic nature. (Fig. 10) Among these were scale plans and cross-sections, but also a descriptive text, which was deconstructed to reveal a multitude of meanings suggested by that detail’s constituent parts, performance, transformation and so on. These meanings led to the recognition of the ‘theatrical’ nature of the detail, suggesting that architecture, even in its most minute or apparently prosaic expressions, is the stage of negotiation between chaos and order, in which ‘surprise and ambiguity should not be avoided.’ 42 Excerpt from Group 3’s final presentation: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5uTfZLhdfTo, accessed 22 July 2020

Figure 10

To embody this negotiation the group built a movable booth, rearranging the same elements and materials present in the detail (Fig. 11). The booth was placed in a number of public spaces in and around Delft, and produced different reactions from the public, ranging from indifference to surprise, and from interaction to avoidance. (Fig.12) Finally, and in tune with its dramatic origins, it was destroyed by a storm.

Figure 11:

Figure 12

The fourth group investigated a detail in the French town of Cailloux-sur-Fontaines, composed of a zinc roof sheet, stone masonry, a gutter, wire, and vegetable life. 43 Group 4 was formed by Hannah Wehrle, Benoit Marcou, Basak Gunalp, and Saskia Tideman (Fig. 13) What began as a technical analysis of the materials and processes implied in its construction (evaluating the built as a ‘succession of movements, a choreography dictated by specific tools engaging the body’ 44 Excerpt from Group 4’s final presentation .) revealed the key role of improvisation and ad-hoc-ness in the production of the detail. (Fig. 14) This realization led the group to reflect on the way the professional community understands the role of the architect. In some cases, the group found out, architecture benefits from rationality and the ability to project possible futures with some degree of accuracy. Academically formed architects, at least in our tradition, operate on this paradigm. A large part of the built environment, however, does not correspond to this vision, nor is the outcome of its application. (Fig. 15) Both historically and globally, it is the result of impromptu actions, which strive primarily for the efficient use of available resources, rather than the quest for ideal results.

Represented in a graph, (Fig. 16) the group proposed a series of qualities that characterize spontaneous and professional ways of doing architecture, and suggested that academia would benefit from recognizing elements from ad-hoc practices as means to improve the architect’s education. This interrelation was developed in a project, in which conventional workspaces in four different countries were first subverted and then unified ad-hoc. The result was a virtual constellation of surfaces, collaged into a communal workspace.

Rare and precious artifices

Throughout the development of these studio projects, we certainly made room for the productive study of four built details, seen as rare and precious artifices of architecture. As sources of a particular kind of knowledge and questions that can only emerge from the built, these details offered us a number of particular and critical discoveries that can only be garnered from a close relation with buildings, and from the attempt to understand the reasons that justify their existence. Now we can confidently conclude that the act of building generates a singular form of architectural scholarship; one that we perceive as less naïve or arrogant, and more inclusive than that offered by traditional design studios. 45 ‘Multiplicity, or better, the dispersion of meanings and the impossibility of reaching an ultimate and definitive meaning is what emerges as the effect of that particular play of references which constitutes analysis.’ Motta and Pizzigoni. La Máquina de Proyecto, 170 In other words, our approach has allowed us to recognize how ‘analysis brings to light a sort of monstrosity in (…) buildings. Their complexity, their innumerable facets, their ruptures and incongruities revealed in their analysis erode any certainty with which we could see them as firm and present objects.’ 46 Motta and Pizzigoni. La Máquina de Proyecto, 168

Aged, weathered, even colonized by nature and yet able to perform the task they were built for, the four details taught us that even the simplest of architectures contains valuable lessons about ourselves and about the environments we build. In Ford’s words ‘the act of detailing is a question not just of part to whole, of construction to ornament, of style to reality, but of the relationship of ourselves to the work of architecture’. 47 Ford. The Architectural Detail, 306 This conclusion was further developed by the students into four theories of architecture.

A theory can be understood as the explanation of what architecture is, a definition of the principles on which its practice is based, and the justification of a course of action for its practice. Towards the end of the studio, students arrived at the conclusion that architecture is made of surfaces that constantly change and decay, but also scar and therefore heal, in a process that explains the resilience of the built environment. They also explained architecture as an interface of ‘mediations between one and another’ 48 from Group 2’s final presentation , able to define limits between individuals, but also to favor communication. A third explanation presented architecture as a mechanism, able to support and represent our actions, while a fourth saw architecture as a discipline split between two powerful forces: an artistic practice aimed at the production of meaningful objects, as well as the pragmatic attempt to make the best possible use of available resources.
Regarding the principles on which its practice is based, a group of students proposed that architecture consists of the flawed, imperfect, or incomplete, as much as it consists of control and the aim for perfection. Another group suggested the need to practice architecture on the basis of generosity, recognizing the other not as a threat, but as a potential interlocutor. A third group claimed that architecture should accept our earthly existence as plagued with uncertainty, and should be practiced as the honest recognition of that uncertainty. Finally, we were invited to trust that the practice of architecture depends on its ability to negotiate spontaneity, ingenuity and chance.

We can now contemplate four courses of action for the development of architecture, justified by these projects. On the one hand, we can assume that architecture should become rougher, less neat and sharp, ‘embracing our limitations as architects’. 49 From Group 1’s final report. We can also trust that architecture will naturally progress, in a process that starts with ad-hoc solutions to pressing questions, and eventually absorbs those solutions within its evolved form. Furthermore, we can aim for an architecture that is theatrical, dramatic, poetic; and we might also assume that a desirable course of action for architecture demands a reconciliation of artistic and technical practice into a comprehensive discipline, able to make sense of the achievements of constructors, engineers and designers alike.

These theories are clear, reasonable and pertinent. They have also proven operative, having generated tangible developments – new presences as we have called them. Certainly, they resonate with existing theories: the political recognition of the other as both competitor and collaborator, or the valuation of improvisation, for example, can be found in studies of public space and in reflections on agency in architecture. Despite being familiar with some of those theories, students arrived at them on their own, via the age-old process of observing with attention, pondering on what has been observed, and discussing it with others.

Aiming for the degree of Masters of Science in Architecture, this group of students work towards the attainment of the skills required to practice their profession reliably. The mastery of those skills – the degree suggests – depends on their adoption of scientific attitude, marked by skepticism, openness to severe criticism, and the rigorous evaluation of empirical evidence. With this studio, we tried to foster that scientific attitude, inviting students to become independent thinkers, responsible for the theories of architecture that will support their professional actions. Independent thinking benefits from the ability to confront the built environment directly, in all its complexity and beauty. It is in this sense, we now believe, that pedagogy should consider the contingencies of building: as indispensable and irreplaceable empirical evidence, on the basis of which the architect as an independent thinker can strive for the growth and development of knowledge.

References

  • Cache, Bernard “Digital Semper.” In Anymore, edited by Cynthia Davidson, 190 – 97.  Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2000.
  • Cadwell, Michael. Strange Details. Cambridge, MA, and London: MIT Press, 2007.
  • Ford, Edward R. The Architectural Detail. New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 2011.
  • Ford, Edward R. The Details of Modern Architecture (2 vols.). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1990 (Vol. 1) and 1996 (Vol. 2)
  • Frampton, Kenneth. Studies in Tectonic Culture: The Poetics of Construction in Nineteenth and Twentieth Century Architecture, edited by John Cava. Cambridge, MA, and London: MIT Press, 1995.
  • Frascari, Marco. “The Tell-the-Tale Detail.” In Theorizing a New Agenda For Architecture: An Anthology of Architectural Theory, 1965 – 1995, edited by Kate Nesbitt, 498 – 513. New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 1996.
  • Motta, Giancarlo, and Antonia Pizzigoni. La Máquina de Proyecto. Edited by Rodrigo Cortés and Nancy Rozo. Bogotá: Universidad Nacional de Colombia, 2008.
  • Semper, Gottfried. Style in the Technical and Tectonic Arts; or, Practical Aesthetics. Trans. Harry Francis Mallgrave and Michael Robinson. Los Angeles: the Getty Research Institute, 2004.

Captions:

  • Figure 1: The presence-absence loop. Source: authors
  • Figure 2: Chosen detail in Delft. Source: provided by students.
  • Figure 3: Multilayered nature of architecture. Source: provided by students.
  • Figure 4: Detail model, with intervention. Source: provided by students.
  • Figure 5: Chosen detail in Rotterdam. Source: provided by students.
  • Figure 6: Reconstruction of the detail. Source: provided by students.
  • Figure 7: Examples of interventions in Rotterdam. Source: provided by students.
  • Figure 8: Examples of absorption. Source: provided by students.Figure 9: Chosen detail in The Hague. Source: provided by students.
  • Figure 10: Deconstruction of the detail. Source: provided by students.
  • Figure 11: Design of the object. Source: provided by students.
  • Figure 12: Photograph of the booth. Source: provided by students.
  • Figure 13: Chosen detail in Cailloux-sur-Fontaine. Source: provided by students.
  • Figure 14: Deconstruction of the detail. Source: provided by students.
  • Figure 15: Construction performances. Source: provided by students.
  • Figure 16: The impromptu/institutionalized architecture. Source: provided by students.

 

  1. Anderson, Stanford. ‘Introduction,’ in Planning for Diversity and Choice: Possible Futures and Their Relation to the Man Controlled Environment, 5. Cambridge (Mass.): MIT, 1968
  2. This argument is further developed in Mejía Hernández, Jorge. “Writing, Filming, Building: Using a Taxonomy of Moviegoers to Appraise Spatial Imagination in Architecture.” Writingplace Journal # 4 (2020), in preparation
  3. As an example of this, in our Faculty there are separate departments of Architecture and Architectural Engineering and Technology (AE&T). Mentor teams for each graduation project include tutors from each of these departments, but AE&T teachers offer separate tutorials, have a much smaller dedication than their colleagues from Architecture, arrive halfway through the year-long graduation process, and are requested to assign a separate grade for the Building Technology component of each project.
  4. A similar assignment (albeit without the theoretical ambition) has been developed by Federico Soriano, from the ETSAM, in his Unusual Atlas of Construction Details, Unit 19 Assignment, 2013 – 2014, https://issuu.com/uddfedericosoriano/docs/e_02_details, accessed 22 July 2020
  5. This understanding has been developed in Mejía Hernández, Jorge. Transactions; or Architecture as a System of Research Programs. PhD dissertation, Delft: TU Delft, 2018; and has been tested in the Lecture Series Research Methods, offered to all MSc3 students of the TU Delft Department of Architecture between 2015 and 2020.
  6. Our research is conducted within the section Methods and Matter and the research groups Situated Architecture and Architecture Culture and Modernity; while the courses described here are offered by the chair of Methods of Analysis and Imagination (previously Methods and Analysis), all part of the Department of Architecture, Faculty of Architecture and the Built Environment at TU Delft.
  7. Previous versions of this studio have encouraged students to confront the instruments and methods of architecture with those utilized by filmmakers, choreographers, anthropologists and literary writers, among others.
  8. For a full description of our studios: https://www.tudelft.nl/onderwijs/opleidingen/masters/aubs/msc-architecture-urbanism-and-building-sciences/master-tracks/architecture/programme/studios/methods-and-analysis/ . Our adherence to a falsificationist demarcation of science implies a revision of the classic definition of an épistémè as true knowledge, opposed to doxa, or opinion. Rather than as truth, we prefer to assume an épistémè as an organized system of ideas for the production and development of knowledge.
  9. For a description of these heuristics and their role: Mejía Hernández. Transactions, 80 – 96
  10. Current favorites among students are the oneiric and colorful small-frame perspectives of Office KGDVS, the stern and empty interiors of DOGMA, or the playful and busy inhabited drawings of Atelier Bow Wow, for example.
  11. The program is supported by a Marie Słodowska-Curie action. For more information: https://tacit-knowledge-architecture.com/ , accessed 22 July 2020.
  12. “… there are objects that certainly belong to ceramics from the point of view of materials, inasmuch as they are formed from a soft mass that was hardened and fixed. But they should be seen as relating to ceramics only secondarily, because formally they are in a different sphere.” Semper, Gottfried. Style in the Technical and Tectonic Arts; or, Practical Aesthetics. Trans. Harry Francis Mallgrave and Michael Robinson. Los Angeles: the Getty Research Institute, 2004, 110
  13. This preliminary program was developed in agreement with the Ion Mincu University of Architecture and Urbanism, whose research is focused on the study and preservation of the material culture and crafts in Chiojdu, and with valuable support from the Order of Romanian Architects.
  14. Semper. Style, 107
  15. Cache, Bernard “Digital Semper.” In Anymore, edited by Cynthia Davidson, 190 – 97.  Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2000, 190 – 197
  16. Frampton, Kenneth. Studies in Tectonic Culture: The Poetics of Construction in Nineteenth and Twentieth Century Architecture, edited by John Cava. Cambridge, MA, and London: MIT Press, 1995, 1 – 27, 299 – 387
  17. Cadwell, Michael. Strange Details. Cambridge, MA, and London: MIT Press, 2007, xv – xxi, 2 – 46
  18. “Scarpa seems to me to be not only intelligent and masterful in his architecture, but generous and gracious as well. For he cannot resist it: as we drift to the glass wall and discover that there are three exits (more than enough), Scarpa offers a final figure. The wall that appeared monolithic holds a little door. The door, its travertine grain swirling about and its sill slipping up the jambs, opens with a nudge to reveal a second little gallery. It is a gentle reminder to pay attention, especially to distractions.” Ibid., 30
  19. Frascari, Marco. “The Tell-the-Tale Detail.” In Theorizing a New Agenda For Architecture: An Anthology of Architectural Theory, 1965 – 1995, edited by Kate Nesbitt. New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 1996, 500
  20. Ford, Edward R. The Architectural Detail. New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 2011, 9 – 47, 286 – 313
  21. Staničić supported his lecture with: Micieli-Voutsinas, Jacque. “An absent presence: Affective heritage at the National September 11th Memorial & Museum”, Emotion, Space and Society 24 (2017) 93 – 104
  22. Namely: Julie Mehretu, Sarah Sze, Olafur Eliasson, Pierre Huyghe, and the groups Assemble and Forensic Architecture
  23. The investigation leading to this publication, the authors note, started in Milan (strongly influenced by Grassi’s and Rossi’s neo-rationalist theory, but also by the latter’s Scientific Autobiography), and was later continued in Turin, where they both taught and researched. Among the ambitions of their methodology (aside from ‘achieving … a generalized high quality of architectural projects’) is to reconcile a series of age-old dilemmas of architecture, e.g. autonomy vs. heteronomy, or adherence to type vs. creative freedom. Motta, Giancarlo, and Antonia Pizzigoni. La Máquina de Proyecto. Edited by Rodrigo Cortés and Nancy Rozo. Bogotá: Universidad Nacional de Colombia, 2008, 13 – 15. All translations from this book are by the authors.
  24. Ibid., 15
  25. Ibid., 21 – 32
  26. ‘Given the fact that it opens and closes with a text, the grid institutes more a circularity than a lineal trajectory with a beginning and an end’. Ibid., p. 58
  27. A full explanation of the relation between analysis and project is offered in Ibid, 176 – 180 (diagram, 178). Not mentioned by the authors, there seem to be important links between this loop and John Dewey’s theories of knowledge in practice (esp. his so-called ‘developmental spiral’), as well as with C.S. Peirce’s logical inferences (excl. abduction).
  28. Justifying our choice for this particular methodology, its polytechnic understanding of architecture links the ‘project machine’ to traditions that recognize proliferation as a fundamental source of scientific knowledge, e.g. Feyerabend, Paul K. “Outline of a Pluralistic Theory of Knowledge and Action.” In Planning for Diversity and Choice: Possible Futures and their Relation to the Man Controlled Environment, edited by Stanford Anderson, 275 – 84.  Cambridge, MA: MIT, 1968.
  29. Motta and Pizzigoni ratify this interpretation, and refer to these systems of ideas as discourses. In their analysis of Milanese houses, for instance, they note the huge differences in outcome that come from analyzing the same house from normative (i.e., urban legislation), functionalist, hygienic-sanitary or aesthetic-communicative perspectives. Motta and Pizzigoni, La Máquina de Proyecto, 164
  30. Wartofsky, Marx W. ‘Telos and Technique: Models as Modes of Action’ in Models: Representation and the Scientific Understanding. 140 – 153. Dordrecht, Boston, and London: D. Reidel Publishing Company, 1979
  31. The multiple transactions that are carried out between these different cultures ratifies what we’ve mentioned in notes 26 and 27 above. For the recognition of differences beyond national cultures in the production of the built environment, Zimmermann, Bénédicte. ‘Histoire-Croisée’ Footprint 26: The Architecture Competition as a Contact Zone (v. 14, n. 1, spring/summer 2020) 7 – 14
  32. Kosuth, Joseph. One and Three Chairs. 1965, installation. Museum of Modern Art, New York.https://www.moma.org/learn/moma_learning/joseph-kosuth-one-and-three-chairs-1965/, accessed 22 July 2020.
  33. Similarly, Frampton notes how technē denotes ‘the simultaneous existence of both art and craft, the Greeks failing to distinguish between the two. It also implies knowledge, in the sense of revealing what is latent within a work; that is to say it implies aletheia, or knowing in the sense of an ontological revealing. This revelatory concept returns us to Vico’s verum, ipsum, factum, to that state of affairs in which knowing and making are inextricably linked; to a condition in which techne reveals the ontological status of a thing through the disclosure of its epistemic value. In this sense one may claim that knowledge and hence beauty are dependent upon the emergence of “thingness”.’ Frampton. Studies in Tectonic Culture, 22.
  34. Mejia Hernandez, Jorge, ‘The Way Things Touch’ http://writingplace.org/?p=332, accessed 22 July 2020
  35. It must be noted that above we mention 45cm2. At an early stage in the exercise we realized the need for a three-dimensional appraisal of the detail, and even contemplated adding a fourth dimension (45 seconds). This last possibility was eventually discarded.
  36. Pratt, Mary Louise: “Arts of the Contact Zone,” Profession (1991), pp. 33 – 40
  37. Group 1 was formed by Tslil Srauss, Wesley Lijkendijk, Boyang Tan, and Suihao Zhen
  38. Excerpt from Group 1’s, final report.
  39. Group 2 was formed by Theo Brakeman, Rik de Brouwer, Rasmus van Overhagen, and Dirk Hoogeveen
  40. Group 3 was formed by Federico Ruiz Carvajal, Linda Kronmuller, Xiaoyue Shi, and Jasper van der Vaart
  41. According to Group 3’s findings, the shop has been used in the following ways: 1904 – ca. 1960, grocery store, ca. 1960 – 1970, retail, 1970 –  2010, lighting business, 2010 – 2016, beauty salon, 2016 – present, acupuncture clinic.
  42. Excerpt from Group 3’s final presentation: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5uTfZLhdfTo, accessed 22 July 2020
  43. Group 4 was formed by Hannah Wehrle, Benoit Marcou, Basak Gunalp, and Saskia Tideman
  44. Excerpt from Group 4’s final presentation
  45. ‘Multiplicity, or better, the dispersion of meanings and the impossibility of reaching an ultimate and definitive meaning is what emerges as the effect of that particular play of references which constitutes analysis.’ Motta and Pizzigoni. La Máquina de Proyecto, 170
  46. Motta and Pizzigoni. La Máquina de Proyecto, 168
  47. Ford. The Architectural Detail, 306
  48. from Group 2’s final presentation
  49. From Group 1’s final report.

Return to archive

title

Interview with Kristina Schinegger and Stefan Rutzinger

authors

Paula Strunden SOMA Architecture

↑ Back to top

 

On 7 April 2021, Kristina Schinegger (KS) and Stefan Rutzinger (SR) were interviewed on Zoom by Paula Strunden, PhD Candidate, Academy of Fine Arts Vienna.

Paula Strunden (PS): Could you please start by saying a few sentences about your office’s name? Why soma?

Kristina Schinegger (KS): “We never wanted to use our own names for the practice, but rather have something that meant many things, that carries the ambiguity we tried to achieve within our work. We understood our practice as an accumulation of ideas or projects, rather than something that we wanted to define strategically. We always looked at our work, reflected upon it and found new trajectories out of that. That’s why for us, soma, was this exciting notion of being a body that has its own feelings – it’s a sentient body. It doesn’t have intellect, it’s not a personality, it’s more like a vivid mass, something that lives. That’s how we came up with that name and…

Stefan Rutzinger (SR): “… liked it a lot! Anyway, it’s a good idea sometimes to switch off the intellect and to concentrate more on your body and bodily feelings, especially in the process of designing:

Ks: “I think atmosphere has also a lot to do with that.”

PS: Why atmospheres? Could you please elaborate a bit on what the term means to you? And where your interest in it stems from? 

KS: “With many of our projects we often begin with a particular atmospheric condition. For example, when we did our Vague Formation Pavilion, we wanted to have an oscillation or a flickering. We were designing a structure and instead of going into certain clichés of how to construct it, we like to start with these atmospheres. A flickering means many things. It’s a spatial effect that triggers different senses.”

SR: “The vague Formation Pavilion is a good example because it causes curiosity and puzzles visitors by the nature of its appearance and structure. At the same time, the material was chosen so that it has a shiny reflective finish, which was able to catch colour and light from the surrounding, which enabled a kind of communication with its environment. It’s an alien wherever you put it, but at the same time, it starts to communicate. It’s not isolated, it’s connected.”

KS: “Somebody in the office once said that some of our competition designs look ‘sympathisch’, sympathetic. We really like the idea that things talk to people, that they are a little bit familiar, but also strange, that they give you a puzzle, but there is still this kind of sympathetic dialogue or interaction happening through multi-layered appearances. Sometimes, our renderings even look a little bit like meteorological atmospheres. As for example our latest competition entry for the Museo del Novecento in Milano, a museum extension that should function as a bridge. It’s a historical and very interesting urban setting, a symmetrical twin building and relict from fascism. We decided to render another urban direction visible, that is, the hidden direction of the Palazzo Reale and the former Roman city. It’s a very simple geometric gesture that suddenly bridges the two buildings of the museum, so instead of doing a literal bridge we placed a volume that has a cloudy appearance and reflects the sky, with a façade effect like Perlmut – the mother-of-pearl. On one hand the city is a conglomeration of direction and masses, but then there is also the communication of the building with the visitors – and that’s where we would like to trigger a sensation. What can be perceived is how the building melts with the sky and it almost looks a little bit like a build atmosphere. Of course, these concepts sound very vague, and the question how to materialize and fabricate such structures is far more complex and difficult. I think that was also the issue with our design course last semester. To really bring atmospheric ideas to architecture is always a struggle. It’s not easy to really translate that.”

SR: “Technically, this is balancing out geometry with materials and light situations. You have to find the right techniques in order to get the concepts across even if the ideas are vague or dealing with vagueness itself. This is probably just more difficult than being very explicit. There are different sets of techniques that can be used to transfer vagueness, which over the years, we have tried to work with. The competition entry for Milano is geometrically quite explicit, but the appearance and the presence you perceive is vague through its changing effects.”

KS: “Another example is an academic project we did with students in Vienna, the Formless Pavilion, which was also very much about showing the students a technique of how to translate a vague concept. What could the formless be or what could unfold as a formless space or structure? It was interesting for the students to understand that the concept had to be implemented in all the layers of the project, it needed to become fundamental. Also, an atmosphere has this fundamental aspect, because it needs this common base in order to develop immediacy. It’s nothing that I could now scientifically describe, it’s just a feeling I have that if things are really working atmospherically, there needs to be some foundation in the way it’s materialized, how it acts and interferes with people. If I realize it’s just fake, it’s just a superficial effect, it doesn’t go spatially deep, then it does not work. That’s why I think the Pavilion of the Formless was a fascinating experiment for our students. It’s important to have that 1:1 experience, to be able to build it yourself and take your own photographs. It was so interesting to see and compare what they saw in the structure.”

SR: “There was also another aspect of how the notion of the formless was introduced, that had to do with the structural integrity of the pavilion. Because there was a lot of redundancy in terms of elements and how the force flows were distributed – it had a highly dynamic behaviour, this ever-changing and ever transforming aspect of the formless. That was an interesting observation because it wasn’t initially conceptualized, but it developed while doing mock-ups, studies and simulations. There were also critical voices who said ‘this is not really formless, it’s just looking kind of strange, but it’s a very formal project’. But by observing the force flows within the structure, I realized that we are managing to translate the concept of the formless into a structure.”

KS: “And that’s exactly what evokes an atmosphere – this link e.g. between something visually and its performance. If you find an object that creates a synthesis between sensual triggers, you don’t know where to look at first and from where to get information. You’re entirely caught up in this totally enjoyable play of your senses and sensations. And I think that also links back to sympathetic. I think we simply enjoy atmospheres. It’s something really pleasing that gives people this kind of sympathy, this kind of feeling of trust and rest. And I think that’s why in architecture, it would be so important to teach and train students more on how to compose atmospheres. As kids, we constantly play. We’re creating atmospheres all the time. Also, as people in our daily lives, we do it everywhere. Through every gesture through everything we take on, we create atmospheres, but why is it so difficult for architects? Maybe it has to do with these conventions, maybe these techniques that are blocking our way, I don’t know, but we have to really think about how to teach that and how to change that.”

SR: “Especially when it comes to the notion of playing and investigating and intuition. I think intuition is the key. If you are playful within the design process and you have a good intuition for it, then the chance that interesting outcomes will emerge, is high. The thing is that our design methods and the tools that are helping us to design are not always as intuitive as physical model making or sketching on paper. They have a higher level of abstraction, and they need some skilling before you can start to get intuitive with them. And that is sort of hindering some of us to get into that intuitive play. To have this intuition, this playfulness within the design process is super important. These are the moments where you free yourself from all kinds of conventions, and new stuff can emerge out of it. But you have to prepare, you have to make a setting beforehand to allow for this kind of intuitive play, and you need to get a lot of training before you can start to play on that level. It does not make sense to sit in front of a piano when you don’t know any of the keys. Nothing will emerge out of it.”

PS: “How do you manage to marry your ideas and understanding of atmospheres with the research that you do in material innovation and digital fabrication?”

KS: “In our research, we have this fascination for point clouds. As part of our SFB research project we observe that point clouds have this perceptual ambiguity – they let you look at the object and behind the object and within the object at once. We’re interested in finding out if that is something that we could translate into a method or a new way of volumetric designing. Leonardo da Vinci was looking at stains a lot and interpreting them – as crowds, as storms, as all kind of different things that he saw in them. Like stains point clouds help to keep this imaginary process alive for a very long time. The point cloud has this kind of openness of an atmospheric carrier – at least visually. It would be fantastic if that could also have a tactile quality!”

SR: “Basically, the point cloud has many features in regards to how we translate the notion of vagueness in our design process. On the one hand, it’s super discreet when it comes to the point itself. It’s clearly describable with coordinates. On the other hand, when you have a lot of them they start to become vague or interpretive. They have this kind of openness that we are looking for in our design projects. It seems to be a very good vehicle, a geometric description of both qualities and quantities. At the same time, it is a horrible geometry system to work with because there’s a lot of information which overwhelms our perception.”

KS: “Working with qualities is also causing problems today because the physical experimentation is at the moment very reduced, usually we would do a lot of material testing in 1:1, we prefer to evaluate artefacts by taking them in our hands, touching them, there is no way around it when working with atmospheric effects, you need to create and materialise them. Of course, you could also create atmospheres by writing a text, for sure, we’re big fans of literature, but we’re not experts in doing atmospheres with words. So we need to do it with material and images and colours and patterns. So for us, it’s crucial that the people who we are working with can create imagery. That’s sometimes difficult, but it’s the only way to exchange what exactly is the aim. We’re very much looking for interactions, effect and these kinds of perceptual experiences. I think experiences are the word, and if it goes towards the experiential, you need to represent it in whatever way. I would say, we’re very much like alchemists.”

SR: “You know, what you’re looking for and then you start trying to find gold, maybe! Maybe it’s just gunpowder, a bad try, but sometimes it’s also gold.”

[Laughing]

PS: “Let’s find out more about this secretive world. By describing your projects and practice – this is something I’ve also been observing in your conversations with the students – you use many suggestive terms to speak about architectural qualities. You have a way of implying things without rendering them explicit by communicating a feeling for a feeling. How do you negotiate this with each other and your clients, employees, or students? Is this ephemeral body of knowledge something that you are secretly grasping and consciously don’t communicate, or is it something that you don’t want to capture as part of your creative process?”

SR: “The good thing is that architecture has many ways to explain itself and how you can get it across. It depends on whom you talk to, because there are people who only understand quantities and then you would probably not get far, trying to explain what kind of atmosphere you would like to create. But sometimes, there are people who are sensitive to that, and they understand immediately what you mean. Sometimes it doesn’t even need a lot of words. It just enough to show them the intermediate results, and they kind of grasp it. In that case the conversation starts on a completely different level. I would say there is no general rule on how to communicate, it really depends. Sometimes it’s a good conversation, sometimes it fails.”

KS: “I think, unfortunately, it depends a lot on shared sensibilities. And if you want to build common sensibilities, it takes a lot of time. We are working together now for 20 years, we have a lot of common ground, and we have almost a shared visual memory. When I see something, I can be pretty sure that the images my brain recalls are the same that Stefan sees. I think in order to make students capable of grasping our comments in a more profound way, we would have to spend much more time with them and do seminars, where we would only talk about a couple of images and explain exactly what we mean here. That’s how the Angewandte where we both studies worked – for many years we were working in one studio with the same group of people. We were collecting our shared visual memory and our shared language. We always exactly knew what something was referring to. I think it’s tragic in regards to the transfer of tacit knowledge, but I think it also good, the amount of time it takes, because that makes it precious. If it could just be consumed through a You Tube tutorial, we would all be jobless. But since we have lots of tacit knowledge that took a lot of time to acquire, it becomes very powerful.”

SR: “When it comes to communication, I think the most interesting part is also the mismatch in the conversations. For sure, what you explained before is really helpful because it accelerates the conversation and amplifies it to a certain level. But still, I think the conversation is fruitful when you have different images in your head than your conversation partner –when you’re spinning around those to develop new ideas. We had this a lot in practice with engineers like with Bollinger + Grohmann Ingenieure, which also have, let’s say, a familiar background coming from a familiar milieu in Vienna, the Angewandte, and so on, so forth. But the fact that they are coming from a different discipline that they are engineers and we are architects, this was enough tension to develop really interesting concepts together. As mentioned before, the Vague Formation Pavilion, was to a large extent, developed with the engineers. They played a significant role in the development of the project and how it finally turned out. I think that also came from this kind of – mismatch is the wrong word – but in a conversation you have different takes on the same topic, so you’re creating pictures in the other’s head, which is slightly off from your own, I think this is a very productive situation.”

PS: “Coming back to material qualities, why do you think natural materials, such as wood or stone, are often valued higher than synthetic materials regarding their capacities to create atmospheric environments? Where do you think that stems from, and is it likely to change in the future, given the growing interest in digital fabrication techniques?”

SR: “You think natural materials are used more in designs, which are connected to atmospheric concepts?”

PS: “No, but I think their qualities are discussed more often in texts speaking about atmospheric architecture.”

SR: “I would completely disagree. I think there are simply more precedents in the past because some well-known architects have dealt with those materials more than with others, but I disagree that there is one material that is better than another in creating atmospheric qualities or how it could be used in building up atmospheres, I think it simply depends on the kind of atmosphere one is looking for to produce.”

KS: “I think it’s the European atmospheric discourse that pushed this relation of atmosphere to nature. The American Westcoast discussion that took on Deleuze’s Logic of Sensation, kept on talking about mood and sensation, coming from the pop and consumer culture. Just think of the Pepsi pavilion in Osaka by E.A.T., this mirroring, fabulous, foggy architecture which is all about experience. In Europe, we have a tendency towards minimalism, honesty of the material, it’s a very different agenda, two different types of atmospheric discourses. I think that’s logical because atmosphere is so general and everywhere, and certain groups tend to focus on certain notions of it. That’s why it can be so different and also so specific.”

PS: “Thank you Kristina and Stefan!”

soma is an Austrian practice run by Stefan Rutzinger and Kristina Schinegger. 

Since 2007 they have been working on a wide range of international projects, from implementation of innovative cultural buildings to award winning competition entries, from urban master planning and social housing to exhibition design and installations. Completed projects include the Theme Pavilion for the Expo 2012 in South Korea, the travelling Art Pavilion for the Salzburg Biennale and the Austrian headquarters for the German firm TECE. 

Attachments
TACK_Fanzine_Strunden.pdf

Return to archive

title

Labor, Prescription and Alienation in Architecture: Critical Notes On The Architect’s Practice

author

Eric Crevels

Abstract

The present essay seeks to point out contemporary phenomena of decreasing autonomy by the alienation of everyday skills that, together with architectural drawing, promote the architect and urbanist’s figure to that of an expert, thus immobilizing its practice in a heteronomous form. It aims the exposition, with the critiques of Ivan Illich and Sérgio Ferro, how the architect’s practice contributes to the alienation and exploitation of the construction worker’s labour in detriment of the body-skill dialectics, which would allow for a closer relation between individual and society. Opposing this alienation processes, both in consuming as in the production of architecture, with studies about technology and anthropology, it argues in favor of a politics of transformation of architectures technology based on the relation between body, skills, learning and technique.

Trabalho, Receituário e Alienação Na Arquitetura: Apontamentos Críticos à Prática Do Arquiteto

Arquitetura Como Necessidade

O diagrama curricular da ​Bauhaus ​é familiar para a maioria dos estudantes de arquitetura. O seu inovador modelo figura nas aulas de história da arquitetura como uma provocativa possibilidade de um ensino de arquitetura constituído conjuntamente de pensar e fazer – uma reconciliação idílica de teoria e prática. Em uma tentativa de criar as bases para um design industrial, os estudantes da escola alemã entravam em contato com os materiais antes mesmo de se dedicarem a exercícios projetivos. A chamada “utopia social” (GROPIUS, 2013, p. 15) da Bauhaus forneceu inspiração para o bem conhecido ​estilo internacional,​ mas sua influência em muito perdeu o alinhamento ideológico com o ​fazer​, rumando ​em direção a mera questão de estilo.

Image 01: Tower of Babel under Construction Date: 1590 Artist: unknown Source: https://www.wga.hu/html/m/master/zunk_ge/zunk_ge4/ztower_b.html

Este desvio não se deu por puro acaso. Como Sérgio Ferro argumenta, o que chama-se de “estilo” está intimamente vinculado ao processo de divisão social do trabalho e à consequente acentuação da dominação dos trabalhadores no canteiro de obra (2006). Em um modelo de mercantilização da arquitetura, o ‘estilo’ tem uma função específica de afirmação da realização do capital e, dessa maneira, se trata de uma forma de investimento de capital econômico para acumulação de ​capital social (​ BOURDIEU, 1986). As tendências e estilos arquitetônicos participam da criação constante de uma necessidade de ajustar o espaço de uma determinada maneira, sem a qual seus proprietários não podem se assumir legitimamente enquanto elite; sem essa afirmação do capital, não apenas correriam o risco de perder seu ​status,​ pois estar à altura da moda é parte do ​habitus ​do burguês, como se tornariam simbolicamente pobres, no sentido em que estariam constantemente carentes de uma dita arquitetura contemporânea. Como a carência, segundo Illich (1990), é o sinal desumanizante da pobreza, o trabalho do arquiteto torna-se o da invenção de uma identidade espacial burguesa; uma identidade que deve ter aspectos imagéticos relacionando espaço e cliente (pois ser único e original também é necessidade), mas que também dialogue com uma unidade estética social identificável, aquela da classe burguesa. Como coloca Stevens (2003, p. 11), a arquitetura “tende a valorizar um conjunto de capitais simbólicos produzidos e julgados pelas classes dominantes”.

Segundo Ivan Illich (1990), a partir do pós-guerra as ideias de progresso e desenvolvimento assumem a forma de uma mercantilização do cotidiano. O fenômeno é acentuado, sobretudo, na esfera dos conhecimentos e habilidades que perpassam as produções marginais, contingentes, que fazem parte do trabalho de manutenção do trabalhador, ou seja, de sua reprodução. A reificação se dá, de acordo com Illich, pela invenção sistemática de ausências ou necessidades, ​criadas impositivamente. Os indivíduos passam a ser definidos pelas suas carências e não mais por suas capacidades produtivas em seu contexto material particular:

[O] fenômeno humano já não se define por aquilo que nós somos, que enfrentamos, que conseguimos, que sonhamos, nem pelo mito de que podemos produzir a nós mesmos a partir da escassez, mas pela medida daquilo que nos falta e de que, assim, necessitamos. E essa medida, determinada pelo pensamento analítico dos sistemas, implica uma percepção radicalmente nova da natureza e da lei, e prescreve uma política mais ocupada com a provisão de requerimentos definidos ​profissionalmente (necessidades) para a sobrevivência do que com reivindicações pessoais de liberdade, que estimulariam ações autônomas. (ILLICH, 1990, p. 6)

Essa nova condição humana, para Illich, está relacionada à complexificação do cotidiano por sua inserção na lógica da mercadoria. A transformação de todas instâncias da vida corriqueira em necessidades prescritas, para além da redução das possibilidades individuais, implica o desmanche do que Michel de Certeau (2012) denomina táticas de sobrevivência. Baseadas em produções marginais e microscópicas, são práticas que somam um enorme montante produtivo realizado relativamente fora das cadeias produtivas de valorização do capital. Representam uma rede de técnicas que resiste à reificação em mercadoria, essencialmente estratégica, tecno-científica. São chamadas de táticas precisamente em razão desta oposição, conquanto respondem à situação e se adaptam à complexidade da realidade. Constituem uma dialética prático-crítica profundamente reativa à dimensão concreta da vida e, como tal, são por essência avessas às abstrações normativas e classificatórias. Existem e são formadas em processos dinâmicos de percepção e resposta às complexidades da vida cotidiana. Dessa forma, são esquivas a leituras totalizantes e predeterminadas do planejamento e do pensamento empresarial.

Image 02: Building of Babel
Date: 1882
Artist: Edmund Ollier
Source: https://archive.org/details/dli.granth.77290/mode/2up

A agenda da invenção de necessidades profissionalmente prescritas surge em oposição a esse universo produtivo marginal, e o arquiteto e urbanista se insere nessa lógica como um de seus profissionais. A imposição de necessidades que “demandam por satisfação” (ILLICH, 1990, p. 4), definidas não pelos supostos necessitados, mas por profissionais especializados e sistemas de análise de dados, cria também a demanda por especialistas em satisfazê-las. A ideia de que as pessoas comuns são incapazes de compreender, planejar, construir e gerir o próprio espaço (seja público ou privado) é parte desse fenômeno e atua em detrimento da autonomia: com ela se valoriza o receituário técnico-estético dos arquitetos e urbanistas, então os únicos agentes legitimados para pensar o espaço.

A expansão do fenômeno é perceptível na crescente atuação dos arquitetos e urbanistas em camadas e espaços sociais até então ignorados pelo meio profissional, como nos programas de urbanização de favelas brasileiras. O próprio uso do termo ‘urbanização’ indica um modelo de gestão pública na forma de ‘satisfação de necessidades’: coloca as vilas e favelas como objetos de uma ação – ‘urbanizar’, ‘tornar cidade’ – e, ao fazê-lo, as classificam como não-cidades. A determinação do que é​ ser cidade ​parte das opiniões de especialistas da área, não daqueles que nela habitam, e a favela se torna, assim, não somente a​ -pólis, como também ​apolítica. ​A autonomia dos moradores sobre o espaço em que residem é tolhida pelo processo de criação da falta – a necessidade de ser cidade – cujos parâmetros são invocados daquilo que lhes é prescrito: a cidade fruto do desenho de arquitetos e urbanistas. A produção da favela, assim como a história, se dá ​primeiro como tragédia, depois como farsa ​(MARX, [1851] 2011) – primeiro como reprodução da força de trabalho em consequência da contingência do trabalhador, depois como território para a prescrição especializada.

Igualmente exemplar é o caso de várias das conhecidas ‘arquiteturas sociais’​. ​A chamada Lei da Assistência técnica, em vigor desde 2009, busca garantir o acesso das camadas da população de renda mais baixa aos serviços dos profissionais de arquitetura, em uma tentativa de reconhecer a abrangência do fenômeno da autoprodução 1 Em diversas ocasiões, muitos teóricos se utilizam do termo “autoconstrução” para se referir à arquitetura produzida sem o envolvimento de profissionais como arquitetos e engenheiros, em especial se tratando das construções da periferia. Os pesquisadores do grupo MOM, no entanto, reprovam seu uso, devido ao entendimento tácito que o termo gera de que a arquitetura produzida nessas instancias seria total ou majoritariamente construída pelo trabalho direto de seus proprietários/moradores, o que não é verdade. Pelo termo “autoprodução” espera-se englobar também o grande volume de construções que são empreendidas pelos seus proprietários diretamente, mas que fazem uso de mão de obra e trabalho de terceiros para sua realização, como pedreiros, mestres de obra, carpinteiros etc. Para mais detalhes, ver Kapp (2015). ​ no contexto brasileiro de produção habitacional. No entanto, ao fazê-lo, pressupõe sobretudo a necessidade da atuação de arquitetos e urbanistas na produção habitacional e qualifica os espaços que prescindem desses profissionais como marginais, inadequados, improvisados, caracterizando o que passa a ser conhecido como a “cidade informal”, ou mesmo os “aglomerados subnormais”. Fortalece, assim, a ideia de que o espaço deve ser planejado, construído e mesmo gerido por especialistas e que, na sua falta, estes devem ser garantidos pelo Estado, conforme presente no parágrafo 2 do Art 4. da lei, que postula: “deve ser garantida a participação das entidades profissionais de arquitetos e engenheiros, mediante convênio ou termo de parceria com o ente público responsável” (BRASIL, 2008).

O Programa Vivenda, aclamado como iniciativa de suposto impacto social responsável, ​se baseia em soluções modulares (“​kits”​) para realizar projetos de reforma para famílias de baixa renda. Os ​kits​, que montam a base metodológica do programa, referem-se à modelos básicos (como cozinha, banheiro, área de serviço) e não apenas refletem um modelo já hegemônico na moradia popular, repetido exaustiva e catastroficamente pelos programas habitacionais, como são flagrantemente focados no embelezamento dos espaços de acordo com a estética da cidade formal. Não surpreende que, na constituição dos ​kits, o tópico “revestimento” tenha lugar privilegiado ou que esteja quantificada, em seu website​, a metragem de revestimentos 2 Disponível em ​http://programavivenda.com.br/#about​, acessado em 30 de Abril de 2020  instalados no âmbito do programa​ , de maneira evidentemente publicitária. Logicamente, pelo próprio tempo hábil de produção e a escala de atendimento, os ​kits ​são soluções pré-concebidas para problemas pré-determinados ou, em outras palavras, ​receituários.​ Na atuação contemporânea do arquiteto, a forma habitual do receituário é seu produto e objeto de trabalho principal: o desenho. Resta, portanto, analisar este desenho:

[O] desenho [arquitetônico] pode assumir os padrões dominantes ou não, seguir a ‘função’ ou fazê-la seguir, ser qualificado como racional, orgânico, brutalista, metabólico ou como se queira no interior da confusão das pseudotendências, ser mais ou menos conformista em relação ao ‘utensílio’ que informa, ser modulado, modenado ou a-sistemático, ornar ou abolir o ornamento: a constante única é ser desenho para a produção. (FERRO, 2006, p. 110)

Ser desenho para a produção (de mercadorias) é a única propriedade comum a todos os tipos de desenho arquitetônico, seja ele referente à construção de habitações, equipamentos urbanos, centros comerciais ou edifícios industriais. A sua função é, fundamentalmente, servir à produção, pois é produto do modo de produção e é por ele determinado. O projeto, marca do profissional da arquitetura, não tem como objetivo (tampouco é capaz de) materializar o edifício. Conceder corpo físico é o objetivo do canteiro, por meio do trabalho (em geral, um trabalho duro). A produção do arquiteto não concretiza o espaço, mas seu ​devir​, sua virtualidade, e logo é uma reificação (MARCUSE, 2004). Projeta ​sobre o​ espaço: impõe-lhe toda informação ​a priori e​ delimita seu valor. O projeto é uma abstração, cujo destino é incidir sobre o canteiro. O objetivo final dá-se à medida que é o desenho…

[…] ​que orientará o desenvolvimento da produção. Nesse primeiro emprego, conta pouco o que se queira chamar de qualidade ou adequação. […]. O que vale é que esse desenho fornece o solo, a coluna vertebral que a tudo conformará, no canteiro ou nas unidades produtoras de peças. Em particular – e é o principal – juntará o trabalho antes separado, e trabalho a instrumento. (FERRO, 2006, p. 109)

O desenho/projeto em si não é uma condição básica para a construção – inclusive em edifícios celebrados entre críticos e teóricos da arquitetura, como é o caso das catedrais góticas. Também a chamada autoprodução do espaço, marginal, abstém-se sistematicamente de arquitetos e engenheiros e corrobora o fato (BALTAZAR, 2016). Acontece que o desenho arquitetônico, apesar de ser desenho para a produção, pouco se refere, em realidade, à construção do edifício propriamente dita. Não estão nele incorporadas as técnicas dos pedreiros, dos carpinteiros e de outros ofícios. Apresenta senão a forma finalizada da obra e desconsidera os processos e as configurações internas do canteiro de obras. Define apenas os aspectos formais, pois tem como função constituir e implantar a forma, controlá-la, para assim dominar o trabalho e a hierarquia do canteiro de obras (FERRO, 2006). A implantação do desenho é bem descrita por Santos:

A linguagem arquitetônica e matemática (cada vez mais sofisticadas) e todos seus instrumentos são postos a serviço da produção, dando distinção ao grupo dos diplomados em relação aos oficiais práticos da construção. A introdução desses artifícios logo frutifica em submissão total do canteiro de obras e seus agentes diretos, aumentando sua heteronomia e com isso o rebaixamento das condições de trabalho. (SANTOS, 2008, p. 32)

O trabalho do arquiteto, distante dos ofícios da construção, dá o argumento matemático, normativo, formal ou filosófico para a dominação do trabalho. Mantém, a partir dessa designação autoritária, a hegemonia do arquiteto e daqueles que assumem o comando do canteiro com o instrumento que o arquiteto fornece. Esse fenômeno independe da vontade ou intenção do próprio arquiteto. As considerações sociais e políticas do seu desenho, assim como as tipológicas, não ultrapassam a dimensão do conteúdo. Mantido o lugar do desenho na cadeia produtiva da arquitetura, permanecem seus impactos sobre o canteiro de obra, à revelia do discurso. O desenho, como instrumento técnico, não é neutro. A tônica normativa, hierárquica e impositiva que carrega deriva de seu uso, de sua posição enquanto instrumento de legitimação.

A instituição da norma, e todo esforço necessário ao seu questionamento, acaba por manter a construção civil brasileira no patamar da manufatura serial (…). Tal como era a tendência na Europa, a pesquisa colaborou para que a norma técnica substituísse os métodos empíricos patenteados. Ao contrário dos discursos em favor da norma, a quebra das patentes não significa a abertura do conhecimento técnico ao domínio público, mas a concessão de monopólio a um determinado grupo. A norma parametriza a conduta do novo personagem – o técnico neutro ou perito. A perícia técnica, base da legitimação social do grupo dos diplomados, é o que autoriza o Estado a conceder o “monopólio de saber” a esse grupo. Por isso o empenho na regulamentação profissional, homologada em 1933 com a criação do Sistema CONFEA-CREAs. (SANTOS, 2008, p. 306)

A figura do “técnico neutro” citado acima, indica uma posição privilegiada na hierarquia social do canteiro de obras e revela o caráter epistemológico de uma tecnologia de produção do espaço. O especialista, empoderado por sua própria linguagem, legitima a sua superioridade sobre os demais trabalhadores da construção civil, armado de sua suposta capacidade para receitar soluções às necessidades do espaço.

A apreensão metonímica da tecnologia pelos seus produtos em detrimento a uma leitura etimológica do termo turva e enfraquece sua discussão filosófica. Costumeiramente considerada como um dispositivo imanente à sociedade, a tecnologia é aceita quase como um termômetro do desenvolvimento humano, ou uma espécie de escala teleológica do progresso histórico. Esta visão tende a deslocar o foco de análise de suas características estruturantes, seu ​logos,​ para uma leitura superficial de seus aparatos e metodologias. De acordo com Andrew Feenberg (2002), existe hoje uma estagnação do entendimento filosófico da tecnologia, reduzido a duas leituras superficiais igualmente rasas, irredutíveis em seus argumentos e baseadas na neutralidade da tecnologia. A primeira é fundamentada no conceito da ​instrumentabilidade, da tecnologia como mera ferramenta, isente de quaisquer atributos de agência ou influência sobre a sociedade. A segunda visão, também determinista, por sua vez acredita o fator tecnológico como objeto pleno, que carrega vieses e determinações socioeconômicas e é portanto influente sobre a sociedade, mas em si mesmo imune à agência política. Nesta perspectiva, resta à sociedade apenas a decisão sobre a sua utilização ou abandono, em cálculo eterno dos prós e contras de sua interferência nas relações sociais. O autor aconselha direcionar a análise para a produção epistemológica da tecnologia, ou seja, para os ideários e contextos sócio-produtivos de sua concepção, condicionantes do que chamamos corriqueiramente de “avanço” ou “desenvolvimento”. Também destaca a não perder de vista a agência e influência da tecnologia sobre a sociedade, material e subjetivamente. Em suma, o autor nos chama atenção para a relação dialética entre tecnologia e modo de produção, no lugar de meramente aceitar sua neutralidade ou imutabilidade.

Aceita duplamente a influência da sociedade sobre a tecnologia e vice-versa. A alienação do trabalho e da técnica, dessa forma, não é característica fundamental da tecnologia mas, ao contrário, um aspecto registrado na sua produção e reprodução social. Com isso, muda o objetivo da teoria crítica da tecnologia para o questionamento da produção da própria tecnologia, ou, como diz o autor, para uma “política da transformação da tecnologia” (2002, p. 15).

Image 03: Weltchronik in Versen, Szene: Der Turmbau zu Babel, Date: circa 1370, Artist: Meister der Weltenchronik, Source: The Yorck Project (2002) 10.000 Meisterwerke der Malerei (DVD-ROM), distributed by DIRECTMEDIA Publishing GmbH. ISBN: 3936122202.

Tendo em vista os fenômenos apontados por Illich e as leituras de Sérgio Ferro sobre o papel do desenho, em quais bases poderia se sustentar tal política de transformação da tecnologia na arquitetura? Partindo do pressuposto que o projeto arquitetônico foi tornado instrumento para a dominação em uma sociedade progressivamente alienada de suas capacidades cotidianas do ​fazer,​ compreender as relações experimentais/estéticas entre indivíduo (corpo) e o ato de fazer pode esclarecer alguns caminhos a se tomar.

Corpo, Habilidade E Alienação

O antropólogo Eduardo Viveiros de Castro (2002) afirma que o corpo não deve ser entendido como mera anatomia, mas antes enquanto hábito: composto por uma rede de habilidades e procedimentos que estão intimamente relacionados com a construção social do cotidiano e da realidade. Nessa linha, o antropólogo Tim Ingold (2000) apresenta um entendimento aprofundado de como as habilidades são inerentemente aspectos sociais do homem. Seu argumento é que o homem não somente desenvolve suas habilidades de maneira social, mas também a si mesmo em um processo dialético de descoberta dessas habilidades, em um movimento social de invenção ​simbólica do corpo. Ingold concebe as habilidades não como adquiridas, pois o aprendizado de uma habilidade não é uma ação à qual o sujeito incorre por si só, mas um desenvolvimento do próprio indivíduo em relação aos objetos componentes da dita habilidade – estes constituídos socialmente. Isto é, uma habilidade não é algo que se possa ‘injetar’ no sujeito, como que preenchendo um espaço vazio, mas a construção desse espaço, simultânea ao seu preenchimento. Pelo envolvimento ativo do sujeito com aquilo que percebe relacionado a determinada habilidade, é que ele é capaz de criar a habilidade dentro de si; inventá-la, por assim dizer.

Por habilidade não me refiro a técnicas do corpo, mas às capacidades de ação e percepção de todo o ser orgânico (corpo e mente indissociados), situado em um ambiente ricamente estruturado. Como propriedades dos organismos humanos, as habilidades são assim tão biológicas como culturais. […] As habilidades não são transmitidas de geração a geração, mas recriadas em cada uma, incorporadas no ​modus operandi d​ o organismo humano em desenvolvimento pelo treino e experiência na performance de tarefas específicas. (INGOLD, 2000, p.5. tradução minha.) 3 “By skills I do not mean techniques of the body, but the capabilities of action and perception of the whole organic being (indissolubly mind and body) situated in a richly structured environment. As properties of human organisms, skills are thus as much biological as cultural. (…) Skills are not transmitted from generation to generation but are regrown in each, incorporated into the modus operandi of the developing human organism through training and experience in the performance of particular tasks.”

Portanto, habilidades e saberes são construções individuais, frutos da agência do próprio indivíduo, de maneira única e gradual, e também sociais, pois construídas a partir de constante percepção e apropriação de elementos retirados do contexto social. O aprendizado é um processo de ​formação dentro do ambiente ​(INGOLD, 1999); uma maneira pela qual o indivíduo incorpora c​ omponentes construídos socialmente e presentes no seu contexto para dar forma a uma habilidade:

As pessoas desenvolvem suas habilidades e sensitividades pelas histórias de contínuo envolvimento com os constituintes humanos e não humanos dos seus ambientes. Pois é pelo engajamento com estes múltiplos constituintes que o mundo é conhecido pelos seus habitantes. (INGOLD, 1999, p.10. tradução minha.) 4 “[P]eople develop their skills and sensitivities through histories of continuing involvement with human and non-human constituents of their environments. For it is by engaging with these manifold constituents that the world comes to be known by its inhabitants.”

Ingold assume que a própria estrutura cognitiva individual é arranjada dessa maneira. O aprendizado não se refere somente ao objeto puro, o saber a ser incorporado, mas também à construção das próprias capacidades cognitivas, isto é, à identificação dos meios com os quais é possível e favorável aprender em determinado contexto social e em relação a realidades específicas. Paradoxalmente, trata-se de ​aprender a aprender​, pois, ao envolver-se com os elementos contextuais de uma habilidade, o indivíduo não somente se relaciona com eles, mas 5 O entendimento ingoldiano apresenta uma consonância marcante (ainda que não confessa) com as leituras de Hegel e especialmente de Marx sobre o trabalho, em sua forma não alienada. Para os autores alemães o trabalho forma o homem enquanto indivíduo e ser social (ou ​ser genérico​, para Marx). É pela atividade que o homem se relaciona com o mundo (a natureza) e com os demais indivíduos, em uma relação dialética, e assim é capaz de reconhecer a si mesmo no mundo que constrói. Esse reconhecimento é a base para um reconhecimento de si enquantoser​partíciped​omundoedasociedadee,aoreconhecer-sedessamaneira,reconhecetambéma participação da natureza e dos outros homens na construção de si mesmo, ou seja, reconhece não apenas a si no mundo, mas o mundo em si mesmo. Para mais informações sobre o entendimento desses autores, ver MESZÁROS, (1992).  com o seu corpo e mente em contato com tais elementos​ . A formação do indivíduo em sociedade leva à incorporação de uma gama de habilidades e técnicas que são consideradas partes componentes do que se espera de uma pessoa funcional em determinada cultura. Tal abordagem revela que a própria cultura, construída sobre essa estrutura cognitiva, não é um sistema suprabiológico ou metafísico, mas antes a “medida da diferença” entre organismos que surgem de seu posicionamento frente a frente – sua interação – e com “componentes não humanos do ambiente, em campos mais abrangentes de relacionamento” (INGOLD, 2000, p.10).

Como observa Ingold (1999), nada impede que as habilidades socialmente desenvolvidas pelos indivíduos estejam arranjadas em uma estrutura de dominação. O fenômeno pode ser pensado em termos de distinção de classe, no Brasil, com os conceitos de “ralé estrutural” e “batalhadores” desenvolvidos por Jessé Souza (2009, 2010) a partir da teoria social de Pierre Bourdieu. Souza argumenta que a população brasileira mais pobre se distingue das classes mais altas não apenas pelo poder econômico. Falta-lhe, sobretudo, as habilidades ou “capacidades” que o acesso às posições de privilégio pressupõem, tais como “disciplina, auto-controle e pensamento prospectivo” (SOUZA, 2013, p. 65). A carência se reflete na incapacidade de planejamento, concentração, crítica e mesmo na dificuldade de expressão, situando o pobre em uma posição estrutural de fragilidade social e econômica, e interditando sua ascensão social. Da formação acadêmica ao suposto ‘espírito empreendedor’, as classes mais altas monopolizam o arcabouço técnico-cultural e as formas de sociabilidade que perpetuam sua posição privilegiada na sociedade.

Nesse contexto de alienação das táticas cotidianas de produção, é natural que a estrutura cognitiva dos corpos em relação aos espaços permaneça embotada, deslocando as habilidades relativas à produção material do espaço para a abstração do receituário técno-científico. Este fenômeno não elimina para os trabalhadores da construção civil a ameaça da alienação. Pelo contrário, pois a base da alienação se encontra justamente na instituição do trabalho assalariado (MESZÁROS, 1992). Ferro (2006) argumenta que os operários da construção civil estão, a todo momento, sob uma pressão ativa que busca a alienação de seu trabalho, por diversas frentes e sob a lógica da manufatura, em acordo com os postulados de Marx (2013). Para que seja possível a extração (maximizada) da mais valia no canteiro de obra, o trabalhador deve ter seu trabalho reduzido, idiotizado – transformado, tanto quanto possível, em força de trabalho pura.

Os conhecimentos assim alienados são precisamente aqueles que caracterizam o trabalho qualificado no ofício. De acordo com Adorno em ​O Funcionalismo Hoje (​ 1967), o ofício não pode ser entendido como apenas “o conjunto das fórmulas estereotipadas” ou “o conjunto das ‘práticas’ destinadas a poupar as forças do compositor”, pois “a especificidade de qualquer tarefa concretamente colocada exclui tais fórmulas” (ADORNO, 1967, p. 116). Em outras palavras, ele argumenta que o ofício não pode ser apenas uma operacionalidade mecânica, pois se baseia constantemente na realidade, ou seja, ​concretiza-se ​sempre que confrontado com a “especificidade” das tarefas que lhe são demandadas, quando são elas também concretas. A abstração das tarefas, sua retirada do cotidiano operacional do artesão, é justamente o que marca a divisão entre ofício e manufatura. Para alienar o artesão, faz-se necessário transformar suas tarefas em um conjunto não só de fórmulas e práticas, mas de movimentos e técnicas homogeneizados e congelados, rasos em ​racionalidade.​ São retiradas das atribuições dos artífices as ​dificuldades técnicas ​que incentivam a inventividade; essas passam a ser resolvidas longe do canteiro, por profissionais especialistas, como engenheiros e arquitetos. A lógica segue o princípio de ​facilitar pela fragmentação, presentes na linha de produção e nos estudos de ergonomia do trabalho (ADORNO, 1967, p. 115). A produção do trabalhador é amputada dos aspectos que antes configurariam sua ​maestria,​ isto é, sua versatilidade em lidar com diferentes situações de produção. Este movimento é realizado de duas maneiras, representantes dos pólos de seu trabalho. Por um lado, acentuam-se os procedimentos ​produtivos ​do trabalho, aqueles que de fato alteram a matéria. São aqueles que efetivam a divisão entre os trabalhadores, no chão de fábrica e no canteiro, e que são contabilizados como o trabalho propriamente dito: assentar tijolos, preparar o concreto e transportar cargas. Por outro lado, é-lhe retirada a parcela intelectual do ofício, o trabalho que coloca as técnicas isoladas em conexão e coerência entre si e com o contexto em que são utilizadas.

No caso específico, o operário da construção civil não somente é afastado de seu produto, mas desconhece mesmo, frequentemente, sua razões de projeto, cálculo, oportunidade etc. Não tem, nem pode ter, portanto, qualquer influência que pese nos seus rumos. (FERRO, 2006, p. 93 nota 36)

Essa insistência inverte o desenvolvimento livre do indivíduo na produção, pois a construção cognitiva da habilidade – a incorporação autônoma – representa justamente o caminho oposto da alienação. Indica o combate às potencialidades formativas, e portanto emancipatórias, dos aspectos pedagógicos da habilidade. O problema retorna para a filosofia da tecnologia. Como a tecnologia não é neutra, tampouco o são os componentes incorporados nas habilidades e técnicas da produção capitalista. De maneira similar, como no contexto da “ralé brasileira”, o trabalhador da construção é também subtraído de uma série de habilidades, capacidades e conhecimentos que, ainda que participem da totalidade de seu trabalho, seriam (na perspectiva do capitalismo) problemáticos se delegados aos operários. O projeto arquitetônico, conforme nos demonstra Ferro (2006), vem assim em auxílio da hierarquia do capital: a divisão do trabalho é levada a patamares fordistas, em operações seriadas e desligadas entre si e da totalidade da produção. Separa assim os trabalhadores, criando a figura do “trabalhador parcial”, apenas para novamente ajuntá-los, no chamado “trabalhador coletivo” (MARX, 2013), com o cuidado, porém, de manter-se entre eles. Isola e reveste a mão de obra, para então reconectá-la segundo sua própria ordem. Age como estrutura, ou “cola”, para usar o termo de Ferro, que mantém e suporta a hierarquia do canteiro de obras mas mantém a permeabilidade para a entrada do capital e a retirada da mais valia.

Somente ao estabelecer essa hierarquia é que o desenho é capaz de realizar esse movimento de alienação, pois, para mantê-la, é necessário classificar seus níveis e deixá-los estanques. Impedir o contexto comunicativo, premissa da prática criativa, é fundamental, de modo que o comando continue centralizado e esteja protegido pela própria pirâmide da autoridade. Para a separação do trabalho no canteiro, não basta apenas a diferenciação em nível de ofício ou habilidade. O trabalho manual é perigoso, mesmo que exprimido no detalhe, pois permite ao corpo o aperfeiçoamento – o desenvolvimento dialético entre habilidade e sujeito. O especialista sofre com o embotamento da crítica, mas ela ainda não é completamente subtraída de seu trabalho. Permanece enclausurada no detalhe, sim, mas ali floresce continuamente, ao ser incorporada, seja para explorar ainda mais seu isolamento ou para explodi-lo, em movimento de associação com outras habilidades, e por fim revolucioná-lo. Sérgio Ferro, mais uma vez, concorda com o argumento, ao dizer que a

construção acertada acorda, revela, reúne. Mas, mesmo na nossa construção explorada e cujo objetivo não é o acerto, o operário não pode evitar que nele alguma coisa acorde, se revele e reúna. (2006, p. 145)

Esse perigo precisa ser evitado, ou, pelo menos, contido. Para manter a estrutura coesa e imutável, o fluxo de informação deve ser segregado, de maneira que a conexão entre os trabalhadores da base passe inevitavelmente por seu superior – que não por mero acaso é também ​supervisor​. A dominação no nível da linguagem. O trabalhador coletivo mantém-se sob a regência heterônoma somente se o universo de trabalhadores parciais incorporados carece de intercomunicação. Para tanto, e de modo que a produção continue operante, há de restar apenas uma linguagem única, ou, mas precisamente, uma única voz, que alcance a todos, de forma descendente. Toda relação horizontal, assim, é feita estrangeira – o mito da Torre de Babel é paradigma e arquétipo de toda produção capitalista da arquitetura. É também necessário que essa voz recite precisa e somente o direcionamento necessário à produção. Como sabemos, esse papel é realizado pelo projeto:

O progressivo apartamento entre o desenho e o canteiro de obras é viabilizado pelo desenvolvimento de uma nova linguagem, fundamentada na linguagem matemática. O projeto, a perspectiva, a nova linguagem de inspiração clássica antiga ajudam a desbancar a antiga ordem dos canteiros. (SANTOS, 2008, p.31)

Em termos de incorporação cognitiva, há poucos componentes apropriáveis para o trabalhador além daqueles permitidos e determinados pelo desenho do arquiteto que, como visto, é fundamentalmente um desenho para produção de mercadorias. Os aspectos tecnológicos da dominação do canteiro, presentes em todo o processo construtivo, permeiam estes componentes e consigo trazem a lógica do capital (junto à alienação) para o processo de desenvolvimento e aprendizado. O trabalhador assim incorpora os elementos estruturais de sua própria alienação, de modo tal que até mesmo a estrutura hierárquica e a divisão do trabalho intelectual e manual na produção da arquitetura figuram em seu cotidiano como fenômenos naturais e inquestionáveis.

Uma Possibilidade De Atuação

A escolha exemplar da Bauhaus para a abertura deste ensaio não se deu por acaso. Procurou-se argumentar sobre como a atuação do arquiteto e urbanista é marcada pela tecnologia enviesada do ​desenho para a produção,​ seu principal instrumento, e quais os fenômenos sociais envolvidos na abstração que é a representação. Apesar de ser o objetivo principal do trabalho, busca-se agora apontar, como alternativa, uma forma de envolvimento direto do arquiteto com a produção material e com os indivíduos diretamente relacionados, artesãos e operários da construção. O resgate do ​concreto na prática arquitetônica, em sua dimensão crítica e histórica, invoca a possibilidade de uma arquitetura para além do projeto reificado, além do desenho para a dominação. Desta forma, enseja, compreendendo a dimensão dialética do aprendizado com o conceito de ​incorporação ​de Ingold, um novo paradigma tecnológico da arquitetura, que tem como objetivo e viés o desenvolvimento individual e coletivo dos envolvidos junto à produção do espaço, dos objetos que o preenchem e do cotidiano que o permeia. A aproximação do arquiteto com as práticas construtivas e com a produção material fornece um caminho lógico para uma tecnologia não alienada da arquitetura, e a pertinência de se pensar a arquitetura dessa maneira surge da sua oposição à codificação e abstração da técnica, fundamental ao projeto. Está em acordo com o entendimento de Silke Kapp (2005) da arquitetura como “todo espaço modificado pelo trabalho humano”, pois toma o trabalho, a produção, como base para a crítica e mesmo a prática da arquitetura. Ao destacar o envolvimento pela atividade, seja individual ou coletivo, na definição de arquitetura – o trabalho que modifica o espaço – Kapp centraliza o processo pelo qual o espaço é produzido como um produto social, com destaque ainda para sua produção ​sem interferência por parte dos diplomados, ​a chamada autoprodução do espaço.

A questão premente é a possibilidade de repensar o trabalho na arquitetura (e, em consequência, a própria arquitetura) para que ele assuma, no lugar de sua versão alienada, um caráter emancipador. A transcendência da alienação é, afinal, o principal objetivo tanto da obra como da ação política marxiana (FROMM, 1962). Mas a questão não é passível de resposta imediata, pois exige uma abordagem crítica que não se resguarde das dificuldades concretas de seu empreendimento. Como diz Meszáros (2006, p. 165), “devemos compreender que: o único poder capaz de superar praticamente (‘positivamente’) a alienação da atividade humana é a própria atividade humana autoconsciente”.

Mesmo que reduzida e alienada, na produção material permanece sempre algum potencial emancipatório residual capaz de ativar a consciência, pois envolve conhecimentos que, de uma maneira ou outra, se referem ao material e lidam com ele​. ​São conhecimentos e técnicas que não se apreendem senão pela prática, ou seja, pela dupla descoberta e criação, individual e coletiva, pela ginga entre o corpo e o ​ambiente ​social e material historicamente dado. O operário, o artesão ou o artífice (ainda que em níveis diferentes) se envolvem com os materiais e, consequentemente, com a dimensão social neles presente. Nessa relação desenvolve-se a atividade que os conecta com a realidade concreta e sobre a qual efetivamente podem se objetivar. A tecnologia da produção material abstrata não é capaz de apagar completamente o ofício, pois ele é sua gênese, e, portanto, o paradigma do ofício é sua principal contradição, uma fragilidade permanente em sua estrutura.

Sua potência está na perspectiva da produção material do espaço e dos artefatos que o qualificam. Ingold, em ​Textility of making ​(2009), afirma que a produção material do artífice (​craftsman)​ é como um nó em uma costura, em um processo de tecelagem. Este nó é composto pelas linhas que representam os materiais utilizados, assim como pelas técnicas, ferramentas e outras construções sociais a ele associadas. Na perspectiva de um artífice, o material não se resume a uma constituição física, mas inclui igualmente relações contextuais: para quê serve, o que acontece quando é trabalhado, como pode ser manipulado, obtido, transformado, utilizado etc. As qualidades do material são definidas pela realidade sociocultural do respectivo meio e pela experiência, tanto no sentido laboratorial, de teste, como no sentido cotidiano, de acontecimento, de presença, e de conhecimentos e saberes acumulados. O trabalho no material e as diversas formas de uso que assume no dia a dia do artífice constróem a ideia do que ele é. Trata-se de uma percepção concreta, não abstrata. Ao mesmo tempo, o nó que Ingold sugere é uma estrutura aberta, pois não impede que as linhas que por ele passam (materiais, técnicas, ferramentas etc.) continuem seus percursos e estejam disponíveis para se envolver em outros nós, em outras construções e criações.

Nesta perspectiva, arte e ofício (sem distinções) 6 O trabalho etimológico de Raymond Willians (1983) indica que o termo ‘arte​’ ​(​art​), desde o século XIII, se referia aoconhecimento sobreo​ fazerd​ ascoisas, envolvendo suastécnicas, esere feria basicamente àqualquer habilidade produtiva.Neste contexto,o‘artista​’é​ efetivamente idênticoa o‘artesão’​(​artisan)​.Já‘ciência’(​science,scientia​), figura a partir do século XIV, usado em intercâmbio com ​art​, para descrever um corpo de conhecimento ou habilidade e que, a partir do século XVII, passa se distinguir de ‘arte’ como uma habilidade que requer conhecimento teórico, ao passo que ‘arte’ representa as habilidades que requerem prática (1983, p. 40 – 42, 276 – 278). Nesta leitura, a arte seria conjunto de conhecimentos que permitem reproduzir determinado ofício na prática, ao passo que a ciência abarca os conhecimentos teóricos sobre o mesmo ofício. devem desafiar as bases da tecno-ciência, com o objetivo de reacordar os sentidos e a percepção para permitir um crescimento do conhecimento pelo fazer. Não se trata somente de inserir o cotidiano na produção de conhecimento, mas também do inverso, ou seja, tornar o conhecimento parte ativa da vida cotidiana. Para Ingold, isso possibilitaria aos indivíduos deter formas de conhecimento que partam de suas experiências e que retornam a elas como reflexão e construção normativa. Ensejaria, portanto, a autonomia e o que Marx enxerga como caráter formador do trabalho (MESZÁROS, 2006), onde o indivíduo descobre a si mesmo e o mundo ao seu redor, e se objetiva nesse mundo.

Essa possibilidade é urgente sobretudo nos contextos de vulnerabilidade social, onde o paternalismo, o tecnicismo e a pura má-fé contribuem para um cenário de progressiva alienação e heteronomia. O contato com as contingências da produção concreta, seja de objetos, de espaços ou das próprias iniciativas, em sentido de sua organização e realização, coloca em questão a realidade dos contextos em que as coisas são feitas, para além das resoluções estéticas e funcionais relativos puramente à forma e ao uso, ou seja, à forma mercadoria e ao consumo. Traz para a perspectiva do próprio arquiteto as condicionantes da produção, severamente ignoradas durante sua formação, nos debates teóricos sobre a profissão e, principalmente, na sua atuação usual.

O saber-fazer potencializa a crítica, pois permite algum distanciamento da condição cotidiana de dependência, fazer improvisado, subvalorizado e de contingência. Ele carrega o índice do trabalho livre e, assim, aproxima-se da arte que, na concepção de Marcuse, tem “poder de cindir o monopólio da realidade estabelecida para definir o que é real” (1999, p. 21). Apresenta um mundo fictício que não é ilusão, pois refere-se à potência do trabalho formador, do mundo enquanto objetivação da humanidade pelo trabalho. Por isso mesmo, tem caráter de utopia: os rastros de uma utopia que, pela sua própria interdição, produz um impulso político, são também rastros de um trabalho real, livre. Aparecem justamente pelo contraste, por seu brilho fugaz em meio à opacidade da sociedade, e remetem ao mundo das potencialidades humanas. Fazem aflorar suas contradições – tensionam o ​status quo e​ revelam seus pontos estruturais.

[A] arte pode ser revolucionária […] quando apresenta ausência de liberdade do existente e indica as forças que se rebelam contra isso; quando rompe com a realidade reificada e aponta horizontes de transformação; quando subverte as formas de percepção e compreensão e deixa transparecer um teor de verdade, de protesto e de promessa na linguagem e na imagem. (CHAVES; RIBEIRO, 2014, P. 15)​

A defesa do caráter experimental da arquitetura e, em última análise, das ciências sociais, não é novidade no pensamento e na prática acadêmica, sobretudo em ideologias libertárias. Segundo Sérgio Ferro (2006), é necessário apostar em formas experimentais de produção da arquitetura que apontem uma nova maneira de construir, para romper com a dominação do canteiro de obras. Boaventura de Sousa Santos (1980) também defende a experiência como método investigativo. Seu argumento é que, enquanto a sociedade se encontra emaranhada em inúmeros expedientes de dominação, é dever da ciência explorar suas brechas e praticar suas possibilidades, ​inventar ​novas formas de sociedade que, mesmo pesando-lhes a estatística do fracasso, possam servir de ensaio (e ensejo) para transformações sociais reais. Também Zizek (2013) aponta que, para transpor um modo de produção, faz-se necessário encontrar os pontos (ou nós) que, pressionados, exerçam pressão por toda sua estrutura. Para tanto, é imprescindível a procura, a experiência e, em especial, uma profunda autocrítica. O que esses autores indicam é que a prática que se propõe a apontar os caminhos para a autonomia ganha potência quando realizada em formato experimental, pois este lhe permite certo afastamento crítico da realidade social contingente. A experiência realiza uma projeção virtual — devir – sobre terreno concreto. Faz despontar as mais imprevistas contradições e é capaz de materializar-se como negação da realidade, na forma de imaginário, possibilidade. Logo, é preciso experimentar, para que se possa apontar (projetar – lançar à frente) formas de atuação transformadoras da condição heterônoma.

Referencias

  • ADORNO, Theodor. “Funktionalismus heute.“ In: ​Ohne Leitbild. Parva Aesthetica​. Frankfurt/M: Suhrkamp, 1967, p.104-126
  • BALTAZAR, Ana Paula. ​Architecture as Interface: a constructive method for spatial articulation in architectural education. Lisboa, 2016
  • BOURDIEU, Pierre. ​The forms of capital​. 1986
  • BRASIL, 2008. ​Lei no 11.888, de 24 de dezembro de 2008​. Assegura às famílias de baixa renda assistência técnica pública e gratuita para o projeto e a construção de habitação de interesse social e altera a Lei no 11.124, de 16 de junho de 2005. Brasília, 2008.
  • CHAVES, J. C; RIBEIRO, D. R. .“Arte em Herbert Marcuse: formação e resistência à sociedade unidimensional.“ ​Psicologia & Sociedade​, 26(1), 12-21. 2014
  • DE CERTEAU, Michel. ​A invenção do cotidiano: ​1 Artes de fazer. Petrópolis: Vozes, 2012. FERRO, Sérgio. ​Arquitetura e trabalho livre​. São Paulo: Cosac &Naify, 2006.
  • FEENBERG, Andrew. ​Transforming technology: ​A critical theory revisited. New York, Oxford University Press, 2002.
  • GROPIUS, Walter. ​Bauhaus​: Novarquitetura. São Paulo: Perspectiva, 2013. ILLICH, Ivan. ​Necessidades. ​NP, 1990.
  • INGOLD, Tim. ​The Perception of the Environment: ​Essays on livelihood, dwelling and skill. New York: Routledge, 2000.
  • ______. “The Textility of Making“​ Cambridge Journal of Economics​, Volume 34, p. 91 – 102. 2009 ______.“Three in One: On dissolving the distinctions between body, mind and culture“ . Manchester:
  • University of Manchester, 1999.
    KAPP, Silke. Por que Teoria Crítica da Arquitetura? Uma explicação e uma aporia​. In: Maria Lúcia Malard.
  • (Org.). ​Cinco Textos Sobre Arquitetura​. Belo Horizonte: Editora UFMG, 2005, p. 115-167. KAPP, Silke; BALTAZAR, Ana Paula. ​Against determination, beyond mediation. 2​ 009 MARCUSE, Herbert. ​A dimensão estética. Portugal: Ed. 70. [1977] 1999.
    ______.R​ azãoeRevolução-Hegeleoadventodateoriasocial,SãoPaulo:PazeTerra,2004. MARX, Karl. ​O 18 Brumário de Luís Bonaparte. São Paulo: Boitempo, [1851] 2011.
  • . ​O Capital​: O processo de produção do capital. São Paulo: Boitempo, 2013. MESZÁROS, Istvan. ​A teoria da alienação em Marx​. São Paulo: Boitempo, 2006
    SANTOS, Boaventura de Souza. ​Um discurso sobre as ciências. Porto: Afrontamento, 1980.
  • SANTOS, Roberto Eustáquio dos. ​A armação do concreto no Brasil​. História da difusão da tecnologia do concreto armado e da construção de sua hegemonia. Tese apresentada ao Programa de Pós Graduação em Educação: “Conhecimento e Inclusão Social”, da Faculdade de Educação da UFMG. FAE-UFMG, 2008
  • SOUZA, Jessé. ​A Ralé brasileira: ​Quem é e como vive. Editora UFMG: Belo Horizonte, 2009
    . ​Os batalhadores brasileiros: ​Nova classe média ou nova classe trabalhadora? Editora UFMG: Belo Horizonte, 2010
  • STEVENS, Garry. ​O Círculo Privilegiado: ​Fundamentos Sociais da Distinção Arquitetônica. Brasília: Editora UNB, 2003.
  • WILLIANS, Raymond. ​Keywords: ​A Vocabulary of Culture and Society. Oxford University Press: New York, 1983
  • VIVEIROS DE CASTRO, Eduardo B. ​A Inconstância da Alma Selvagem e Outros Ensaios de Antropologia​. São Paulo: Cosac & Naify. 2002
  • ZIZEK, Slavoj. Problemas no paraíso. ​in ​Harvey, David. ​Cidades Rebeldes​: Passe livre e as manifestações que tomaram as ruas do Brasil. São Paulo: Boitempo, 2013.
  1. Em diversas ocasiões, muitos teóricos se utilizam do termo “autoconstrução” para se referir à arquitetura produzida sem o envolvimento de profissionais como arquitetos e engenheiros, em especial se tratando das construções da periferia. Os pesquisadores do grupo MOM, no entanto, reprovam seu uso, devido ao entendimento tácito que o termo gera de que a arquitetura produzida nessas instancias seria total ou majoritariamente construída pelo trabalho direto de seus proprietários/moradores, o que não é verdade. Pelo termo “autoprodução” espera-se englobar também o grande volume de construções que são empreendidas pelos seus proprietários diretamente, mas que fazem uso de mão de obra e trabalho de terceiros para sua realização, como pedreiros, mestres de obra, carpinteiros etc. Para mais detalhes, ver Kapp (2015).
  2. Disponível em ​http://programavivenda.com.br/#about​, acessado em 30 de Abril de 2020
  3. “By skills I do not mean techniques of the body, but the capabilities of action and perception of the whole organic being (indissolubly mind and body) situated in a richly structured environment. As properties of human organisms, skills are thus as much biological as cultural. (…) Skills are not transmitted from generation to generation but are regrown in each, incorporated into the modus operandi of the developing human organism through training and experience in the performance of particular tasks.”
  4. “[P]eople develop their skills and sensitivities through histories of continuing involvement with human and non-human constituents of their environments. For it is by engaging with these manifold constituents that the world comes to be known by its inhabitants.”
  5. O entendimento ingoldiano apresenta uma consonância marcante (ainda que não confessa) com as leituras de Hegel e especialmente de Marx sobre o trabalho, em sua forma não alienada. Para os autores alemães o trabalho forma o homem enquanto indivíduo e ser social (ou ​ser genérico​, para Marx). É pela atividade que o homem se relaciona com o mundo (a natureza) e com os demais indivíduos, em uma relação dialética, e assim é capaz de reconhecer a si mesmo no mundo que constrói. Esse reconhecimento é a base para um reconhecimento de si enquantoser​partíciped​omundoedasociedadee,aoreconhecer-sedessamaneira,reconhecetambéma participação da natureza e dos outros homens na construção de si mesmo, ou seja, reconhece não apenas a si no mundo, mas o mundo em si mesmo. Para mais informações sobre o entendimento desses autores, ver MESZÁROS, (1992).
  6. O trabalho etimológico de Raymond Willians (1983) indica que o termo ‘arte​’ ​(​art​), desde o século XIII, se referia aoconhecimento sobreo​ fazerd​ ascoisas, envolvendo suastécnicas, esere feria basicamente àqualquer habilidade produtiva.Neste contexto,o‘artista​’é​ efetivamente idênticoa o‘artesão’​(​artisan)​.Já‘ciência’(​science,scientia​), figura a partir do século XIV, usado em intercâmbio com ​art​, para descrever um corpo de conhecimento ou habilidade e que, a partir do século XVII, passa se distinguir de ‘arte’ como uma habilidade que requer conhecimento teórico, ao passo que ‘arte’ representa as habilidades que requerem prática (1983, p. 40 – 42, 276 – 278). Nesta leitura, a arte seria conjunto de conhecimentos que permitem reproduzir determinado ofício na prática, ao passo que a ciência abarca os conhecimentos teóricos sobre o mesmo ofício.

Return to archive

title

The Tacit Dimension: Architecture Knowledge and Scientific Research

authors

Lara Schrijver Margitta Buchert Angelika Schnell Tom Avermaete Christoph Grafe

↑ Back to top
2021

Schrijver, Lara, ed. The Tacit Dimension: Architecture Knowledge and Scientific Research. Leuven University Press, 2021. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv1mgm7ng.

In architecture, tacit knowledge plays a substantial role in both the design process and its reception. The essays in this book explore the tacit dimension of architecture in its aesthetic, material, cultural, design-based, and reflexive understanding of what we build. Tacit knowledge, described in 1966 by Michael Polanyi as what we ‘can know but cannot tell’, often denotes knowledge that escapes quantifiable dimensions of research. Much of architecture’s knowledge resides beneath the surface, in nonverbal instruments such as drawings and models that articulate the spatial imagination of the design process. Awareness of the tacit dimension helps to understand the many facets of the spaces we inhabit, from the ideas of the architect to the more hidden assumptions of our cultures. Beginning in the studio, where students are guided into becoming architects, the book follows a path through the tacit knowledge present in materials, conceptual structures, and the design process, revealing how the tacit dimension leads to craftsmanship and the situated knowledge of architecture-in-the-world.

Attachments
The Tacit Dimension: Architecture Knowledge and Scientific Research